University of California, Riverside

Abstract There is a vast and ever‐accumulating amount of behavioural data on individually recognised animals, an incredible resource to shed light on the ecological and evolutionary drivers of variation in animal behaviour. Yet, the full potential of such data lies in comparative research across taxa with distinct life histories and ecologies. Substantial challenges impede systematic comparisons, one of which is the lack of persistent, accessible and standardised databases. Big‐team approaches to building standardised databases offer a solution to facilitating reliable cross‐species comparisons. By sharing both data and expertise among researchers, these approaches ensure that valuable data, which might otherwise go unused, become easier to discover, repurpose and synthesise. Additionally, such large‐scale collaborations promote a culture of sharing within the research community, incentivising researchers to contribute their data by ensuring their interests are considered through clear sharing guidelines. Active communication with the data contributors during the standardisation process also helps avoid misinterpretation of the data, ultimately improving the reliability of comparative databases. Here, we introduce MacaqueNet, a global collaboration of over 100 researchers (https://macaquenet.github.io/) aimed at unlocking the wealth of cross‐species data for research on macaque social behaviour. The MacaqueNet database encompasses data from 1981 to the present on 61 populations across 14 species and is the first publicly searchable and standardised database on affiliative and agonistic animal social behaviour. We describe the establishment of MacaqueNet, from the steps we took to start a large‐scale collective, to the creation of a cross‐species collaborative database and the implementation of data entry and retrieval protocols. We share MacaqueNet's component resources: an R package for data standardisation, website code, the relational database structure, a glossary and data sharing terms of use. With all these components openly accessible, MacaqueNet can act as a fully replicable template for future endeavours establishing large‐scale collaborative comparative databases.

BackgroundNational survey data show that age- and sex-standardized weight and length measurements decline early in Indian children. In population-level longitudinal data, early detection of growth trajectories is important for the implementation of interventions. We aimed to identify and characterize distinct growth trajectories of Indian children from birth to 12 months of age residing in urban and rural areas.MethodsPooled data from four interventional and non-interventional longitudinal studies across India were used for the analysis. Latent class mixed modeling (LCMM) was employed to identify groups of children with similar trajectories over age. The trajectories named Classes of Children were created for length-for-age Z scores (LAZ) and weight-for-age Z scores (WAZ) based on place of birth, residential area, and maternal education.ResultsWe identified two latent classes for LAZ in boys and three latent classes for LAZ in girls, and four classes for WAZ were identified in both boys and girls. The first class for LAZ, with the highest proportion of children (>80% of children), did not decline or increase with age; In boys, Class 1 was close to the WHO median, whereas in girls, Class 1 was lower than the WHO median from birth. The LAZ classes of remaining boys and girls declined with age (slope, μdg= − 1.04; 95% CI: −1.09, −0.99 for boys and μdg= − 0.69; 95% CI: −0.76, −0.63 for girls). The first trajectory of WAZ (approximately 50% of children) for boys (μdg=0.13; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.16) and the second trajectory of WAZ for girls (μdg=0.24; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.30) increased with age, while the remaining trajectories of WAZ declined with age.ConclusionThere is heterogeneity in the growth of Indian children in the first year of life, which was identified by distinct types of growth trajectories. The predominant trajectories of both LAZ and WAZ did not decline with age, while most other trajectories demonstrated an initial decline.

Nano phosphors of 2 % Dy3+ (wt%) doped La2MgTiO6 and monovalent/divalent/trivalent co-doped La1.98Dy0.02MgTiO6:x%Ay+ (Ay+: Li+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Bi3+, and Sm3+; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 wt%) were synthesized by combustion method. From the XRD data, it is deduced that an increase in the valency of co-dopant increases the crystallinity of the double perovskite orthorhombic nanocrystal structure. With an increase in co-dopant size, an elevation in optical bandgap is visible with the highest bandgap of 3.835 eV for Bi3+. The photo-absorption is monotonically broadened for Sr2+, Sm3+, and Li+ around 200–450 nm. Under 351 nm, Dy3+ triggered lattice shows major characteristic emission peaks at 480 nm (4F9/2 → 6H15/2), 574 nm (4F9/2 → 6H13/2), and 670 nm (4F9/2 → 6H11/2), leading to near white light emission with CIE coordinates (0.341, 0.376). Upon co-doping, the PL intensity is significantly increased with maximum emission for trivalent Sm3+, followed by divalent Sr2+ and monovalent Li + respectively. With increasing excitation wavelength, Sr2+ shows a dominated output and it is found that divalent Sr2+ is a potential co-dopant that could enhance luminescence intensity up to 6 times with a Sr2+ → Dy3+ energy transfer efficiency of 86 %. It is specified that the CIE coordinates of Li+ co-doped samples show ideal white emission with color coordinates (0.333, 0.336). The concluding outcomes signify the noblest rare earth Sm3+ co-doping and thus Sm3+ → Dy3+ energy transfer mechanism is discussed in detail.

A detailed analysis of Eu3+-doped Ca3NbGa3Si2O14 phosphor prepared via the solid-state method is reported. Powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirms the hexagonal system with space group P321 (150). Morphological study validates the morphology and composition of the synthesized phosphor. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra reveal a unique red emission at 615 nm, attributed to the5D0 → 7F2 transition. The optimized Eu3+ concentration is found to be 5.0 mol.%. The CIE chromaticity coordinates are found to be (0.58, 0.41). Higher values of Ω4 confirm the highly symmetric environment around the Eu3+ site, lower covalence, and higher ionicity of the Eu–O bond character. The observed quantum efficiency of 33% for the sample with optimized concentration indicates more efficient emission of photons upon excitation, opening up the possibility of its potential use in several optical devices.

AbstractThis study synthesizes graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) and fluorine‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (Fgcn) nanosheets with different fluorine weight percentages, and their potential for fluorescence detection of Fe3+ ions and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) using solar light is then investigated. The samples demonstrated extraordinarily sensitive and selective Fe3+ detection at a limit of detection of 0.48 µM and a limit of quantification of 1.46 µM. Moreover, compared to the pure g‐C3N4, the Fgcn demonstrated a faster rate of photocatalytic degradation of the MB dye. The adjustable band gap, increased number of short‐lived species, two‐dimensional nanostructure, and reduced lattice strain all contribute to the increased photocatalytic activity of Fgcn samples. This study shows that the use of flourine‐doped g‐C3N4 can improve the selective detection of Fe3+ ions as well as the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue when exposed to solar light.

Reji A., Selvaraj A., Jose S., Nair D.G., Narayanan S.P.

Diseases can result from an excess or deficit of amino acids in the blood. The smallest biomolecules that can self-assemble are amino acids. Fifteen amino acids, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, glycine, alanine, valine, serine, isoleucine, proline, cysteine, glutamic acid, methionine, threonine, tyrosine, and lysine, have been observed to self-assemble out of the twenty amino acid forms. A disorder known as "hyperaminoacidemia" can result from elevated blood levels of amino acids, while there are rare exceptions, such as phenylketonuria (high phenylalanine) and histidinemia (high histidine concentration). Increased level of amino acids in the blood is the source of all these disorders, which can manifest neurological symptoms, such as mental retardation, convulsions, epilepsy, immobility, and developmental delay. The high concentrations of amino acids in the body are caused by decreased activity of enzymes that are responsible for breaking down amino acids, a phenomenon that has been extensively studied in relation to mutations in these enzymes. Phenylketonuria, a neurological disorder caused by phenylalanine self-assembly, is associated with high phenylalanine levels. Neurodegeneration, typified by tryptophan self-assembly, is caused by an abnormal accumulation of tryptophan, which has been connected to hypertryptophanemia. There is uncertainty about the molecular mechanism underlying diseases caused by elevated levels of every other amino acid in our bodies. The self-assembly of various single amino acids and materials rich in a specific amino acid is discussed in this review article, along with the consequences and the variety of structures that are created, as well as the effects of factors like temperature, pH, concentration, and so forth.

In search of novel antidiabetic agents, we synthesized a new series of chalcones with benzimidazole scaffolds by an efficient ‘one-pot’ nitro reductive cyclization method and evaluated their α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition studies. The ‘one-pot’ nitro reductive cyclization method offered a simple route for the preparation of benzimidazoles with excellent yield and higher purity compared to the other conventional acid- or base-catalyzed cyclization methods. 1H, 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectrum data were used to characterize the compounds. Single-crystal XRD data confirmed the 3D structure of compound 7c, which was crystalized in the P1¯ space group of the triclinic crystal system. Hirshfeld surface analysis validates the presence of O-H..O, O-H…N, and C-H…O intermolecular hydrogen bonds. From the DFT calculations, the energy gap between the frontier molecular orbitals in 7c was found to be 3.791 eV. From the series, compound 7l emerged as a potent antidiabetic agent with IC50 = 22.45 ± 0.36 µg/mL and 20.47 ± 0.60 µg/mL against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, respectively. The in silico molecular docking studies revealed that compound 7l has strong binding interactions with α-glucosidase and α-amylase proteins. Molecular dynamics studies also revealed the stability of compound 7l with α-glucosidase and α-amylase proteins.

Veena V.P., Sajith S.V., Jasira S.V., Shilpa C.K., Nissamudeen K.M.

The common flower Clitoria ternatea is gifted with organic dyes anthocyanin delphinidin and betalains betacyanin that exhibit broad emission peaks centered at 490 nm and 630 nm. These fresh emission bands in the blue-green and red regions make it a potential white light source that can swap the conventional rare-earth doped phosphor materials. By this line, the extract shows decent emission in its solution state. However, the emission intensity reduces rapidly after a while, owing to the high decay rate of organic dyes in their pure form. Thus, the floral extract is combined with the antioxidant La2O3, reducing the luminescence decay to a noticeable value. The complex formation does not alter the innate La2O3 crystal structure, identified by the XRD peaks, but aids with near-white emission. Upon complex formation, the optical band gap of the host La2O3 falls to the semiconductor range, from 5.1 eV to 2.5 eV. White light emission from La2O3: Clitoria ternatea complex is studied for different extract concentrations and heating conditions, and deemed as a potential replacement for conventional rare-earth doping.

This study developed a MgBi2O6-based photocatalyst via low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis. AgBr was co-precipitated onto MgBi2O6, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were photo-reduced onto the surface. The photocatalytic performance, assessed by methylene blue (MB) degradation under white-light LED irradiation (2.5 W, power density = 0.38 W/cm2), showed that Ag/AgBr/MgBi2O6 achieved 98.6% degradation in 40 min, outperforming MgBi2O6 (37.5%) and AgBr/MgBi2O6 (85.5%). AgNPs boosted electron-hole separation via surface plasmon resonance, reducing recombination. A Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism was suggested, where photogenerated carriers transferred across the p–n heterojunction between AgBr and MgBi2O6, producing reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydroxyl radicals critical for dye degradation. Thus, the Ag/AgBr/MgBi2O6 composites possessed excellent photocatalytic performance regarding dyestuff degradation (85.8–99.9% degradation within 40 min) under white-light LED irradiation.

Abstract The hydrothermal approach was used to prepare visible light active BiVO4–TiO2 nanosheet composites in varying molar ratios. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Transmission electroscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), were used to analyze the photocatalysts and composites. Photocatalytic activity of BiVO4–TiO2 composites was investigated by decolorizing methylene blue. Out of four different molar ratio BiVO4–TiO2 composites with a molar ratio of 3:1 BiVO4 TiO2 composite showed enhanced photocatalytic activity which is further proved by photoluminescence investigation of coumarin and Scavenger test. The DRS of BiVO4 TiO2 composite showed red shift in optical absorption. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is due to minimizing electron hole recombination by making composite with TiO2.

AbstractDesigning potential architectures by the modification of conventional electrode materials is an effective approach in the development of high performance supercapacitor electrodes. The present study investigated the effect of varying anodization voltages (50, 75, and 100 V) on the morphology and electrochemical properties of titanium nanotubes (TNT). Molybdenum was doped onto TNT using a simple hydrothermal procedure, followed by thermal treatment at 450 °C. The study effectively demonstrated control over the dimensions of the nanotube structure by adjusting the anodization voltage. Additionally, it was found that the tube diameters were increased due to etching during the hydrothermal treatment with the Mo precursor, which potentially enhanced the supercapacitive performance of Mo‐doped TNT. Further, structural analysis revealed that Mo doping improved both crystallinity and electrode stability. With an optimal anodization voltage of 100  V, TNT and Molybdenum‐doped TNT could exhibit capacitance value of 13.34 and 326.54 mF cm−2 respectively, at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the electrode demonstrated good cyclic stability with 88% capacitance retention and 97% coulombic efficiency after 5000 cycles. An impressive energy density of 87.03 µWh cm−2 and a power density of 799.99 µW cm−2 could be achieved with this sample in an asymmetrical device.

The sensitization approach enhances the activator emission when excitation energy is insufficient. Strontium cerate doped with rare earth elements can tune the emission properties by complementing the host’s inherent blue emission, although luminescence studies remain nascent. This study introduces Samarium and Dysprosium, having well-documented radiative transitions, as dopants into SrCeO3 at optimized concentrations, with Bismuth ion (Bi3+) and Lithium ion (Li+) co-doping to preserve structural integrity. Sensitizers, Bi3+, and Li+ can transfer emission energy to the activator in a doped host matrix. XRD analysis showed that all phosphors exhibit orthorhombic crystal structure with space group Pnma. FE-SEM analysis showed that SrCe0.97Sm0.02O3:1 wt% Bi3+ exhibits larger average grain size 0.89 μm. The white photoluminescence upon co-doping with Bi3+/Li+ ascribed to energy transfer mechanism, with Bi3+ recognized as the optimal sensitizer. The CIE chromaticity diagram shows SrCe0.97Sm0.02O3:1 wt% Bi3+ phosphor displays excellent CRI, making it a strong candidate for wLED applications.