volume 3 issue 3 pages 577-602

In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

Charles A. Dorison 1
Jennifer S. Lerner 2, 3
Blake H Heller 2, 4
Alexander J. Rothman 5
Ichiro I Kawachi 6
Ke Wang 2
Vaughan W. Rees 6
Brian P. Gill 7
Nancy Gibbs 2
Charles R. Ebersole 8
Zahir Vally 9, 10
Zuzanna Tajchman 11
András N. Zsidó 12
Mija Zrimsek 13
Chen Zhang 14
Ignazio Ziano 15
Zoi Gialitaki 16
Chris D Ceary 17
Yijun Lin 18
Yoshihiko Kunisato 19
Yuki Yamada 20
Qinyu Xiao 21
Xiaoming Jiang 22
Xinkai Du 23
Elvin Yao 24
John Paul Wilson 25
Wilson Cyrus-Lai 26
William Jiménez-Leal 27
Wilbert Law 28
W. Matthew Collins 29
Karley L Richard 17
Marek Vranka 30
Vladislav Ankushev 31
Vidar Schei 32
Valerija Križanić 33
Veselina Hristova Kadreva 34
Vera Cubela Adoric 35
Ulrich S. Tran 36
Siu Kit Yeung 37
Widad Hassan 38
RALPH HOUSTON 39
Tiago J. S. Lima 40
Thomas Ostermann 41
Thomas Frizzo 42
Therese E. Sverdrup 32
Thea House 43, 44
Tripat Gill 45
Maksim Fedotov 46
Tamar Paltrow 47
Teodor Jernsäther 48
Maria Koptjevskaja Tamm 49
Thomas J. Hostler 50
Tatsunori Ishii 51
Barnabas Szaszi 52
Sylwia Adamus 53
Lilian Suter 54
Sumaiya Habib 55
Anna Studzińska 56
Dragana Stojanovska 57
Steve M. J. Janssen 58
Stefan Stieger 59
Stefan E Schulenberg 60
Srinivasan Tatachari 61
Soufian Azouaghe 62, 63
Piotr Sorokowski 64
Agnieszka Sorokowska 64
Xin Song 11
Savannah C Lewis 65
Sladjana Sinkolova 57
Shira Meir Drexler 67
Shimrit Daches 68
Shawn N. Geniole 69
Selena Vračar 70
Massoni Sebastien 42
Saša Zorjan 71
Eylül Sarıoğuz 72
Sara Morales Izquierdo 73
Sara G. Alves 74
Sara Pöntinen 75
Sara Álvarez Solas 76
Santiago Ordoñez Riaño 77
Sanja Batić Očovaj 78
Sandersan Onie 79, 80, 81
Samuel Lins 74
Sami Çoksan 82
Asli Sacakli 83
Susana Ruiz Fernández 84
Sandra J Geiger 85
Saeideh Fatahmodares 86
Radoslaw B. Walczak 87
Ruben Betlehem 33
Roosevelt Vilar 88
Rodrigo Cárcamo 89
Robert M. Ross 90
Randy McCarthy 91
Tonia Ballantyne 17
Erin C. Westgate 18
Reza Afhami 92
Dongning Ren 93
Renan P. Monteiro 94
Ulf-Dietrich Reips 95
Niv Reggev 96
Robert J. Calin-Jageman 97
Razieh Pourafshari 98
Raquel Oliveira 99, 100
Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova 101
Rima Maria Rahal 93
Rafael R. Ribeiro 102
Theda Radtke 103
Rachel Searston 104
Redeate Habte 105
Przemysław Zdybek 87
Sau-Chin Chen 106
Princess Lovella G Maturan 107
Jennifer T Perillo 108
Peder Mortvedt Isager 109
Pavol Kačmár 110
Paulo Manuel Macapagal 111, 112
Paulina Szwed 113
Paul H. P. Hanel 114
Paul A. G. Forbes 115
Patrícia Arriaga 102
Bastien Paris 63
Konstantinos Papachristopoulos 116, 117
Pablo Sebastián Correa 118
Ondřej Kácha 119
Márcia Bernardo 120
Olatz Campos 121
Olalla Niño Bravo 122
Oscar J Galindo Caballero 27, 123
Chisom Esther Ogbonnaya 124
Olga Bialobrzeska 125
Natalia Kiselnikova 126
Nicolle Simonovic 127
Noga Cohen 128
Nora L. Nock 129
Niklas Johannes 130
Nihan Albayrak Aydemir 131
Nicolas Say 132
Nathan Torunsky 11
Natalia Van Doren 133
Naoyuki Sunami 134
Nikolay R Rachev 101
Nadyanna M. Majeed 135
Nadya Daniela Schmidt 136
Khaoula Nadif 137
Nadia S Corral Frías 138
Nihal Ouherrou 139
Myrto Pantazi 130
Marc Y Lucas 140
Martin R. Vasilev 141
María Victoria Ortiz 142, 143
Muhammad Mussaffa Butt 144
Muhib Kabir 145
Rafał Muda 146
Maria Del Carmen Mc Tejada Rivera 147
Miroslav Sirota 148
Martin Seehuus 149, 150
Michal Parzuchowski 151
Mónica Toro 152
Monika Hricova 110
Mónica Alarcón Maldonado 153
Magdalena Marszalek 125
Maria Karekla 154
Giovanna Mioni 155
Minke Jasmijn Bosma 156
Minja Westerlund 75
Milica Vdovic 157
Michal Bialek 64
Miguel A Silan 158
Michele Anne 58
Michal Misiak 159, 160
Maurice Grinberg 161
Mariagrazia Capizzi 162
Mauricio F Espinoza Barría 163
Merve A Kurfali 164
Michael C. Mensink 165
Mikayel Harutyunyan 166
Meetu Khosla 167
Max Korbmacher 168
Matúš Adamkovič 169, 170
Matheus Fernando Felix Ribeiro 171
Maria Terskova 66
Matej Hruška 172
Marcel Martončik 169, 170
Martin Voracek 36
Martin Cadek 173
Martha Frías Armenta 138
Marta Kowal 64
Marta Topor 174
Marta Roczniewska 175, 176
Marlies Oosterlinck 177
Markéta Braun Kohlová 178
Mariola Paruzel-Czachura 179, 180
Marina Romanova 31
Marietta Papadatou-Pastou 181
Maria Louise Lund 182
Maria Antoniadi 154
Marc V. Jones 50
Manuel S. Ortiz 183
Mathi Manavalan 11
Abdumalik Muminov 184
Małgorzata Kossowska 185
Maja Friedemann 186
Magdalena Wielgus 187
Marco A C Varella 188
Melissa F Colloff 189
Maria Bradford 27
Leigh Ann Vaughn 190
Luis Eudave 191
Luc Vieira 192
Lina Maria Sanabria Pineda 27
Laura Calderón Pérez 27
Ljiljana B Lazarevic 193
Lisa M. Jaremka 194
Elizaveta Kushnir 195
Lisa Anton-Boicuk 115
Gabriel Lins de Holanda Coelho 196
Lina Ahlgren 197
Carmel A. Levitan 198
Leticia Micheli 199
Leonhard Volz 23
Marija Stojanovska 58
Leanne Boucher 29
Lara Samojlenko 200
Lady Grey Javela Delgado 201
Lada Kaliska 202
Lara Warmelink 203
Luis Miguel Rojas Berscia 204
Karen Yu 205
Jakub Wachowicz 206
Kermeka Desai 17
Krystian Barzykowski 54
Luca Kozma 12
Kortnee Evans 207
Komila Kirgizova 208
Bamikole Emmanuel AGESIN 209
Monica A Koehn 210
Kelly Wolfe 211
Tatiana Korobova 212
Kristoffer Klevjer 213
Kevin van Schie 214, 215
Kevin Vezirian 63
Kaja Damnjanović 216
Katrine Krabbe Thommesen 217
Kathleen Schmidt 218
Katarzyna Filip 54
Karolina Grzech 219, 220
Karlijn Hoyer 221
Karis Moon 222
Kafeel Rana 144
Kristina Janjić 57
Jordan W. Suchow 223
Julita Kielińska 54
Julio E Cruz Vásquez 224
Julia Beitner 225
Juan Camilo Vargas Nieto 27
Jose Carlos T Roxas 107, 226
Jennifer Taber 127
Joan Urriago Rayo 227
Jeffrey M. Pavlacic 60
Jozef Bavolar 110
José A. Soto 133
Jonas K. Olofsson 48
Johannes K. Vilsmeier 228
Johanna Messerschmidt 229
Johanna Czamanski Cohen 230, 231
Jordane Boudesseul 232
Jeong Min Lee 233
Julia Kamburidis 101
Janis Zickfeld 234
Jacob F Miranda 235
Jeroen P. H. Verharen 236
Evgeniya Hristova 237
Julie E. Beshears 238
Jasna Milošević Đorđević 239
Jasmijn Bosch 240
Jaroslava Varella Valentova 188
Jan Antfolk 197
Jana B Berkessel 241
Jana Schrötter 242
Jan Urban 178
Jan Philipp Röer 243
James O Norton 244
Jaime R. Silva 245, 246, 247
Jade S. Pickering 248
Jáchym Vintr 249
Jim Uttley 250
Jonas R. Kunst 251
Izuchukwu L. G. Ndukaihe 252
Aishwarya Iyer 253
Iris Vilares 11
Aleksandr Ivanov 31
Ivan Ropovik 254, 255
Isabela Sula 256
Irena Sarieva 31
Irem Metin-Orta 257
Irina Prusova 66
Isabel Pinto 74
Andreea Ioana Bozdoc 258
Inês A T Almeida 259
Ilse L Pit 260, 261
Ilker Dalgar 262
Ilya Zakharov 263
Azuka Ikechukwu Arinze 124
Keiko Ihaya 264
Ian D. Stephen 90
Biljana Gjoneska 265
Hilmar Brohmer 266
Heather Flowe 267
Hendrik Godbersen 84
Halil Emre Kocalar 268
Mattie V Hedgebeth 269
Hu Chuan Peng 270
MohammadHasan Sharifian 271
Harry Manley 272
Handan Akkas 273
Nandor Hajdu 52
Habiba Azab 274
Gustav Nilsonne 48, 276
Gulnaz Anjum 251
Giovanni A Travaglino 277
Gilad Feldman 278
Gerit Pfuhl 279
Gabriela Czarnek 53
Gabriela Mariana Marcu 258, 280
Gabriela Hofer 266
Gabriel Baník 281
Gabriel Agboola Adetula 282
Gijsbert Bijlstra 283
Frederick Verbruggen 14
Franki Y. H. Kung 284
Francesco Foroni 285
Gage Singer 108
Fany Muchembled 286
Flávio Azevedo 287
Farnaz Mosannenzadeh 288
Evelina Marinov 101
Eva Štrukelj 289
Zahra Etebari 290
Ernest Baskin 291
Elkin Oswaldo Luis Garcia 292
Erica Musser 293
I M M Van Steenkiste 294
El Rim Ahn 18
Ekaterina Pronizius 36
Emily A Jackson 17
Efisio Manunta 274
Elena Agadullina 31
Dušana Šakan 78
Pinar Dursun 295
Olivier Dujols 296
Dmitrii Dubrov 31
Willis Megan 297
Murat Tumer 298
Jennifer L. Beaudry 299
Dora Popović 300
Daniel Dunleavy 301
Ikhlas Djamai 302
Dino Krupic 303
Diego Vega 304
Hongfei Du 305
Débora Mola 306
William E. Davis 307
Dawn Liu Holford 114
David M G Lewis 207, 308
David C. Vaidis 192
Daphna Hausman Ozery 309
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Daniel Storage 311
Daniela Sousa 312
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Anna Dalla Rosa 314
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Crystal Reeck 318
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Claus Lamm 36
Claudio Singh Solorzano 320
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Chunhui Wang 326
Christiana Karashiali 327
Chris Noone 328
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Cemre Karaarslan 72
Nicola Cellini 331
Celia Esteban-Serna 332
Cecilia Reyna 333
Carlota Batres 334
Ranran Li 335
Caterina Grano 320
Joëlle Carpentier 336
Christian K. Tamnes 251
Cynthia H. Y. Fu 337, 338
Byurakn Ishkhanyan 339, 340
Lisa Bylinina 341
Bastian Jaeger 93, 335
Carsten Bundt 251
Tara Bulut Allred 342
Ahmed Bokkour 301
Natalia Bogatyreva 66
William J. Chopik 343
Benedict Antazo 344
Behzad Behzadnia 345
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Beatrice Cocco 347
Wei Lun Chou 348
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Heather Barry Kappes 359
Mohammad Atari 360
Anna Szala 361
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Artur Domurat 179
Nwadiogo Chisom Arinze 364
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Arash Monajem 366
Kanza Ait El Arabi 367
Asil Ali Özdoğru 368
Adriana Julieth Olaya Torres 369
Andriana Theodoropoulou 370
Anita Penić Jurković 371
Angelos P. Kassianos 372, 373
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Andree Hartanto 135
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Anna Louise Todsen 382
Alper Karababa 383
Allison Janak 384
Alexandre Bran 192
Alexa M Tullett 385
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Anthony J Krafnick 97
Anum Urooj 285
Ahmed Khaoudi 302
Afroja Ahmed 387
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Adrian Dahl Askelund 388
Adeyemi Adetula 63, 252
Anabel Belaus 118
Abdelilah Ca Charyate 389
Aaron L. Wichman 390
Alina Stoyanova 101
Anna Greenburgh 391
Andrew G. Thomas 392
Alexios Arvanitis 393
Patrick S. Forscher 63, 394
Peter R Mallik 395
Maximilian A. Primbs 283
Jeremy K. Miller 396
Hannah Moshontz 397
Heather L. Urry 398
Hans IJzerman 63, 399
Dana M. Basnight-Brown 400
Christopher R. Chartier 395
Erin M Buchanan 401
Nicholas A Coles 2, 402
7
 
Mathematica, Cambridge, USA
15
 
Grenoble Ecole De Management, Grenoble, France
16
 
Culemborg, Netherlands
24
 
Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, USA
26
 
INSEAD, Singapore, Singapore
38
 
Department of Psychology, University of East London, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
39
 
Dunoon, Scotland
47
 
South Carolina, USA
56
 
Icam Toulouse, Department of Humanities, Toulouse, France
57
 
PSA Psihesko, Skopje, North Macedonia
59
 
Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
65
 
Ashland University, Ashland, USA
67
 
Department of Neurology, Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Meerbusch, Germany
69
 
Department of Psychology, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, Canada
76
 
Grupo de investigación en Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
77
 
University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Colombia
81
 
Emotional Health For All Foundation, Jakarta, Indonesia
83
 
Ankara, Turkey
84
 
FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany
95
 
Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Switzerland
100
 
Intelligent Agents and Synthetic Characters Group (GAIPS), INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal
111
 
School of Psychology, Arellano University, Manila, Philippines
122
 
Barakaldo, Spain
123
 
Faculty of Education, Human and Social Sciences, Universidad Manuela Beltran, Bogotá, Colombia
126
 
Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
137
 
Poggio Imperiale, Italy
145
 
Bangladesh Clinical Psychology Society, Dhaka, Bangladesh
149
 
Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, USA
153
 
Puebla, Mexico
168
 
Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, NORWAY
170
 
CSPS Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
177
 
Gent, Belgium
184
 
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
190
 
Ithaca College, Ithaca, USA
192
 
Université de paris, Paris, France
195
 
Stockholm, SWEDEN
198
 
Department of Cognitive Science, Occidental College, Los Angeles, USA
205
 
Department of Psychology, Sewanee: The University of the South, Sewanee, USA
206
 
Lublin, Poland
208
 
Florence, Italy
212
 
London Gates Education Group, Moscow, Russia
226
 
Department of Psychology, De La Salle College of Saint Benilde, Antipolo, Philippines
227
 
Bogotá, Colombia
238
 
Alliant International University, San Diego, USA
247
 
Sociedad Desarrollo Emocional, Santiago, Chile
253
 
Sampurna Montfort College, Bangalore, India
256
 
San Polo d’Enza, Italy
261
 
Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, Oxford, UK
263
 
Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, Developmental Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Moscow, Russia
291
 
Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, USA
300
 
Institute of social sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia
304
 
Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
307
 
Department of Psychology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, USA
310
 
Faculty of Psychology, Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia
313
 
Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Bogotá, Colombia
315
 
Norvel - Psychological Centre for Counselling and Research, Osijek, Croatia
325
 
Cal Poly Humboldt, Arcata, USA
326
 
Chinese Center of Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
334
 
Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, USA
344
 
Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong, Philippines
347
 
Rieti, Italy
348
 
Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Jiaoxi, Taiwan
349
 
Prague, Czech Republic
350
 
The Institute of Psychology, Dublin, Ireland
362
 
Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
371
 
Kindergarten Kustošija, Zagreb, Croatia
381
 
Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), London, UK
388
 
Nic Waals institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
394
 
Busara Center For Behavioral Economics, Nairobi, Kenya
395
 
Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Ashland, USA
400
 
United States International University – Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
401
 
Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, USA
Publication typeJournal Article
Publication date2022-09-26
scimago Q1
wos Q2
SJR2.127
CiteScore7.0
Impact factor2.6
ISSN26622041, 2662205X
General Environmental Science
General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.
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Dorison C. A. et al. In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries // Affective Science. 2022. Vol. 3. No. 3. pp. 577-602.
GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy
Dorison C. A. et al. In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries // Affective Science. 2022. Vol. 3. No. 3. pp. 577-602.
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@article{2022_Dorison,
author = {Charles A. Dorison and Jennifer S. Lerner and Blake H Heller and Alexander J. Rothman and Ichiro I Kawachi and Ke Wang and Vaughan W. Rees and Brian P. Gill and Nancy Gibbs and Charles R. Ebersole and Zahir Vally and Zuzanna Tajchman and András N. Zsidó and Mija Zrimsek and Chen Zhang and Ignazio Ziano and Zoi Gialitaki and Chris D Ceary and Yijun Lin and Yoshihiko Kunisato and Yuki Yamada and Qinyu Xiao and Xiaoming Jiang and Xinkai Du and Elvin Yao and John Paul Wilson and Wilson Cyrus-Lai and William Jiménez-Leal and Wilbert Law and W. Matthew Collins and Karley L Richard and Marek Vranka and Vladislav Ankushev and Vidar Schei and Valerija Križanić and Veselina Hristova Kadreva and Vera Cubela Adoric and Ulrich S. Tran and Siu Kit Yeung and Widad Hassan and RALPH HOUSTON and Tiago J. S. Lima and Thomas Ostermann and Thomas Frizzo and Therese E. Sverdrup and Thea House and Tripat Gill and Maksim Fedotov and Tamar Paltrow and Teodor Jernsäther and others},
title = {In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries},
journal = {Affective Science},
year = {2022},
volume = {3},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
month = {sep},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3},
number = {3},
pages = {577--602},
doi = {10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3}
}
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Cite this
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Dorison, Charles A., et al. “In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries.” Affective Science, vol. 3, no. 3, Sep. 2022, pp. 577-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42761-022-00128-3.