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volume 390 issue 10100 pages 1345-1422

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Emmanuela Gakidou
Ashkan Afshin
Amanuel Alemu Abajobir
Kalkidan Hassen Abate
Cristiana Abbafati
Kaja M. Abbas
Foad Abd Allah
Abdishakur M. Abdulle
Semaw Ferede Abera
Victor Aboyans
Laith J. Abu-Raddad
Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh
Gebre Yitayih Abyu
Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji
Olatunji Adetokunboh
Mohsen Afarideh
Sutapa Agrawal
HAMID AHMADIEH
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour
Amani Nidhal Aichour
Ibtihel Aichour
Rufus Olusola Akinyemi
Nadia Akseer
Fares Alahdab
Ziyad Al-Aly
Khurshid Alam
Noore Alam
Tahiya Alam
Deena Alasfoor
Kefyalew Addis Alene
Komal Ali
Reza Alizadeh Navaei
Ala’a Alkerwi
François Alla
Peter Allebeck
Rajaa Al-Raddadi
Ubai Alsharif
Khalid A Altirkawi
Nelson Alvis-Guzman
Azmeraw T. Amare
Erfan Amini
Walid Ammar
Yaw Ampem Amoako
Hossein Ansari
Josep M. Anto
Carl Abelardo T Antonio
Palwasha Anwari
Nicholas Arian
Johan Ärnlöv
Al Artaman
Krishna Kumar Aryal
Hamid Asayesh
Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom
Tesfay Mehari Atey
Leticia Avila Burgos
Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho
Ashish Awasthi
Peter Azzopardi
Umar Bacha
Alaa Badawi
Kalpana Balakrishnan
Shoshana H. Ballew
Aleksandra Barac
Ryan M Barber
Suzanne L. Barker-Collo
Till Bärnighausen
Simón Barquera
Lars Barregard
Lope H. Barrero
Carolina Batis
Katherine E. Battle
Blair R Baumgarner
Bernhard T. Baune
Justin Beardsley
Neeraj Bedi
Ettore Beghi
Michelle L. Bell
Derrick A. Bennett
James R. Bennett
Isabela M. Bensenor
Adugnaw Berhane
Derbew Fikadu Berhe
Eduardo Bernabé
Balem Demtsu Betsu
Mircea Beuran
Addisu Shunu Beyene
Anil Bhansali
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Burcu Kucuk Bicer
Boris Bikbov
Charles Birungi
Stan Biryukov
Christopher D Blosser
Dube Jara Boneya
Ibrahim R Bou Orm
Michael Brauer
Nicholas J.K. Breitborde
Hermann Brenner
Traolach S. Brugha
Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto
Zahid A. Butt
Lucero Cahuana Hurtado
Rosario Cárdenas
Juan Jesus Carrero
Carlos A Castañeda Orjuela
Ferrán Catalá López
Kelly Cercy
Hsing-Yi Chang
Fiona J Charlson
Odgerel Chimed Ochir
Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa
Abdulaal A Chitheer
Hanne Christensen
Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher
Massimo Cirillo
Aaron J. Cohen
Haley Comfort
Cyrus Cooper
Josef Coresh
Leslie Cornaby
Paolo Angelo Cortesi
Michael H. Criqui
John A. Crump
Lalit Dandona
Rakhi Dandona
José das Neves
Gail Davey
Dragos V Davitoiu
Kairat Davletov
Barbora de Courten
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Aniruddha Deshpande
Samath D Dharmaratne
Eric L. Ding
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Huyen Phuc Do
Klara Dokova
David Teye Doku
Aaron Van Donkelaar
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Manisha Dubey
Bruce Bartholow Duncan
Sarah Duncan
Hedyeh Ebrahimi
Ziad Ziad El Khatib
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Aman Yesuf Endries
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Babak Eshrati
Sharareh Eskandarieh
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Kara Estep
Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon
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Andre Faro
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Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
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ROBERT G. WEINTRAUB
Daniel J. Weiss
Andrea Werdecker
Ronny Westerman
HARVEY A. WHITEFORD
Charles Shey Wiysonge
Belete Getahun Woldeyes
Charles D.A. Wolfe
Rachel Woodbrook
Abdulhalik Workicho
Denis Xavier
Gelin Xu
Simon Yadgir
Bereket Yakob
Lijing L. Yan
Mehdi Yaseri
Hassen Hamid Yimam
PAUL YIP
Naohiro Yonemoto
Seok Jun Yoon
Marcel Yotebieng
Mustafa Z. Younis
Zoubida Zaidi
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Luis Zavala Arciniega
Xueying Zhang
Stephanie Raman M Zimsen
Ben Zipkin
Sanjay Zodpey
Stephen S. Lim
Christopher J. L. Murray
Publication typeJournal Article
Publication date2017-09-15
scimago Q1
wos Q1
SJR12.113
CiteScore87.6
Impact factor88.5
ISSN01406736, 1474547X
General Medicine
Abstract
The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined.Since 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124·1 million DALYs [95% UI 111·2 million to 137·0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122·2 million DALYs [110·3 million to 133·3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83·0 million DALYs [78·3 million to 87·7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89·9 million DALYs [80·9 million to 98·2 million]), high body-mass index (64·8 million DALYs [44·4 million to 87·6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63·8 million DALYs [53·2 million to 76·3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9·3% (6·9-11·6) decline in deaths and a 10·8% (8·3-13·1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14·9% (12·7-17·5) of deaths and 6·2% (3·9-8·7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12·4% (10·1-14·9) of deaths and 12·4% (10·1-14·9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27·3% (24·9-29·7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks.Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade.The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies.
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Gakidou E. et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 // The Lancet. 2017. Vol. 390. No. 10100. pp. 1345-1422.
GOST all authors (up to 50) Copy
Gakidou E. et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 // The Lancet. 2017. Vol. 390. No. 10100. pp. 1345-1422.
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@article{2017_Gakidou,
author = {Emmanuela Gakidou and Ashkan Afshin and Amanuel Alemu Abajobir and Kalkidan Hassen Abate and Cristiana Abbafati and Kaja M. Abbas and Foad Abd Allah and Abdishakur M. Abdulle and Semaw Ferede Abera and Victor Aboyans and Laith J. Abu-Raddad and Niveen M. E. Abu-Rmeileh and Gebre Yitayih Abyu and Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji and Olatunji Adetokunboh and Mohsen Afarideh and Anurag Agrawal and Sutapa Agrawal and HAMID AHMADIEH and Muktar Beshir Ahmed and Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour and Amani Nidhal Aichour and Ibtihel Aichour and Rufus Olusola Akinyemi and Nadia Akseer and Fares Alahdab and Ziyad Al-Aly and Khurshid Alam and Noore Alam and Tahiya Alam and Deena Alasfoor and Kefyalew Addis Alene and Komal Ali and Reza Alizadeh Navaei and Ala’a Alkerwi and François Alla and Peter Allebeck and Rajaa Al-Raddadi and Ubai Alsharif and Khalid A Altirkawi and Nelson Alvis-Guzman and Azmeraw T. Amare and Erfan Amini and Walid Ammar and Yaw Ampem Amoako and Hossein Ansari and Josep M. Anto and Carl Abelardo T Antonio and Palwasha Anwari and Nicholas Arian and others},
title = {Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016},
journal = {The Lancet},
year = {2017},
volume = {390},
publisher = {Elsevier},
month = {sep},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8},
number = {10100},
pages = {1345--1422},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8}
}
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Gakidou, Emmanuela, et al. “Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.” The Lancet, vol. 390, no. 10100, Sep. 2017, pp. 1345-1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8.