Nanoemulsion: An emerging technology for oilfield applications between limitations and potentials

Nanoemulsions (NEs) are kinetically stable dispersions with droplet sizes on the order of 100 nm. Properties of NEs, such as the kinetic stability and rheology, have attracted substantial consideration in the oil and gas industry. This comprehensive review stretches from the theoretical mechanisms and fundamentals all the way to oilfield applications. Current low-energy and high-energy laboratory and industrial scale emulsification routes are included with detailed insight on synthesis challenges and opportunities. An included compendium of NE characterization techniques encompasses their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages. The oilfield applications segment covers recent uses of NEs in drilling, reservoir, and production operations. The review touches economical aspects for NEs oilfield scale implementations, and proposes solutions to mitigate foreseen challenges. This review emphasizes the scientific aspects of NE preparation and provides insight from the engineering and economic point of view of the oil and gas industry. • The paper summarizes different Nanoemulsions state-of-the-art synthesis methods. • A comprehensive list of current characterization techniques with the cons and pros. • Nanoemulsions thermochemical stability under reservoir conditions. • Nanoemulsions suitability for versatile subsurface applications. • Provide insight on the complexity of making Nanoemulsions out in the field.