Inverse association of resistin with physical activity in the general population

Rutters F., Besson H., Walker M., Mari A., Konrad T., Nilsson P.M., Balkau B., Dekker J.M.

In the past decade, over 3 dozen studies reported a relationship between self-reported short sleep and disturbed glucose metabolism. A study with insulin sensitivity assessed according to the gold standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is, however, still missing.To evaluate the cross-sectional association of sleep duration with insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in the European group for the study of insulin resistance (EGIR-RISC) study cohort.We used data from the baseline measurements of the European, multicentre EGIR-RISC study that included 1319 clinically healthy participants. Sleep and physical activity were measured using a single-axis accelerometer. Insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were estimated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and from the oral glucose insulin sensitivity index model, using an oral glucose tolerance test. Associations of sleep duration with insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were analyzed by multiple linear regression, stratified by sex.In our current analysis, we included 788 participants (57% women, age 44 ± 8 y), who had an average sleep duration of 7.3 ± 1.5 hours. In men, we observed an inverted U-shaped association between sleep duration categorized per hour and M/I (in μmol/min per kgFFM/nM per hour) (β-estimate [95% confidence intervals] 41 [2, 80]; P = .04 and β(2)-estimate -3 [-6, -0.2], P = .04) as well as a trend for the oral glucose insulin sensitivity index (in mL/min per kgFFM) (β-estimate [95% confidence intervals] 0.8 [-0.4, 2]; P = .17). In women, we observed a U-shaped association between sleep duration and β-cell function (in pmol/min per m(2)/mM per hour) (β-estimate -45 [-86, -3]; P = .04 and β(2)-estimate 3 [0.2, 6]; P = .04).Sleep duration is associated with insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in a sex-specific manner in clinically healthy people.

Many G., Hurtado M., Tanner C., Houmard J., Gordish-Dressman H., Park J., Uwaifo G., Kraus W., Hagberg J., Hoffman E.

UNLABELLED We initiated a pilot study to investigate the effects of 8 wks of aerobic exercise training (ET) on insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers in obese and insulin-resistant minority adolescents. Eleven morbidly obese (BMI 41.4 ± 1.8 kg/m2) minority adolescents were entered into a supervised ET intervention (~180 min/wk at 40-55%VO2PeakR [(VO2Peak-VO2Rest)/VO2Rest]). The effects of training on insulin sensitivity (SI), inflammation and other metabolic syndrome features were examined. RESULTS Insulin action improved in response to training, as indicated by a ~37% increase in SI (p = .018). Plasma levels of several proinflammatory cytokines were reduced in response to ET, as indicated by significant decrements in sTNF-R, CCL2, MPO, IL-6, resistin, and leptin, with no significant changes in hsCRP. ET induced reductions in BMI and percent total body fat. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports the efficacy of ET interventions on metabolic syndrome features in morbidly obese minority youth.

Song G., Wu X., Zhang P., Yu Y., Yang M., Jiao P., Wang N., Song H., Wu Y., Zhang X., Liu H., Qin S.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in adipocytes can modulate adipokines secretion. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced ERS-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway-mediated adipokine secretion. Our results showed that serum adipokines, including visfatin, resistin and TNF-α, correlated inversely with serum HDL cholesterol level in patients with abdominal obesity. In vitro, like ERS inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA), HDL inhibited ox-LDL- or tunicamycin (TM, an ERS inducer)-induced increase in visfatin and resistin secretion. Moreover, HDL inhibited ox-LDL-induced free cholesterol (FC) accumulation in whole cell lysate and in the endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, like PBA, HDL inhibited ox-LDL- or TM-induced activation of ERS response as assessed by the decreased phosphorylation of protein kinase-like ER kinase and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and reduced nuclear translocation of activating transcription factor 6 as well as the downregulation of Bip and CHOP. Furthermore, HDL increased scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) expression and SR-BI siRNA treatment abolished the inhibitory effects of HDL on ox-LDL-induced FC accumulation and CHOP upregulation. These data indicate that HDL may suppress ox-LDL-induced FC accumulation in adipocytes through upregulation of SR-BI, subsequently preventing ox-LDL-induced ER stress-CHOP pathway-mediated adipocyte inflammation.

Morris C.J., Purvis T.E., Hu K., Scheer F.A.

Significance Shift work is a risk factor for hypertension, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease, even after controlling for traditional risk factors. Shift workers frequently undergo circadian misalignment (i.e., misalignment between the endogenous circadian system and 24-h environmental/behavioral cycles). This misalignment has been proposed to explain, in part, why shift work is a risk factor for hypertension, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. However, the impact of circadian misalignment per se on 24-h blood pressure and inflammatory markers is poorly understood. We show—under highly controlled laboratory conditions—that short-term circadian misalignment increases 24-h blood pressure and inflammatory markers in healthy adults. Our findings may help explain why shift work increases hypertension, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease risk.

Ozcan O., Bostanci M.Ö., Cicek G., Yamaner F.

Adipokines play an important role in obesity and related inflammatory disorders. We aimed to determine the effects of exercise training on serum adipokines. Forty sedentary women were randomly assigned to two groups as aerobic (AE) and core exercise (CE). The exercise programmes were performed 4 days a week for 16 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and after the 8 and 16 weeks training period. Percent changes of each parameter were calculated. Sixteen weeks of exercise caused significant decrease in body weight and fat mass (p < 0.001), significant increase in adiponectin (16.1% in AE, 15.8% in CE group, p < 0.05) and resistin levels (21.1% in AE and 26.6% in CE group, p < 0.05) but had no effect on leptin and ghrelin levels. Eight weeks of exercise had no effect on adipokines except leptin. These data suggest that both exercise programmes have improving effects on body composition, adiponectin and resistin levels.

Vuolteenaho K., Leppänen T., Kekkonen R., Korpela R., Moilanen E.

Running a marathon causes strenuous joint loading and increased energy expenditure. Adipokines regulate energy metabolism, but recent studies have indicated that they also exert a role in cartilage degradation in arthritis. Our aim was to investigate the effects of running a marathon on the levels of adipokines and indices of cartilage metabolism. Blood samples were obtained from 46 male marathoners before and after a marathon run. We measured levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), cartilage oligomeric protein (COMP) and chitinase 3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) as biomarkers of cartilage turnover and/or damage and plasma concentrations of adipokines adiponectin, leptin and resistin. Mean marathon time was 3∶30∶46±0∶02∶46 (h:min:sec). The exertion more than doubled MMP-3 levels and this change correlated negatively with the marathon time (r = –0.448, p = 0.002). YKL-40 levels increased by 56% and the effect on COMP release was variable. Running a marathon increased the levels of resistin and adiponectin, while leptin levels remained unchanged. The marathon-induced changes in resistin levels were positively associated with the changes in MMP-3 (r = 0.382, p = 0.009) and YKL-40 (r = 0.588, p

Hayashino Y., Jackson J.L., Hirata T., Fukumori N., Nakamura F., Fukuhara S., Tsujii S., Ishii H.

C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory cytokines, and adipokines contribute to atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and development of late-onset complication in patients with type 2 diabetes. We performed a systematic review to assess effects of exercise interventions on inflammatory markers/cytokines and adipokines.We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry) and reference lists in relevant papers for articles published in 1966-2013. We selected studies that evaluated the effects of exercise intervention on inflammatory markers/cytokines and adipokines in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Weighted mean differences of exercise on outcomes were derived using fixed or random effect models; factors influencing heterogeneity were identified using meta-regression analysis.Fourteen randomized controlled trials (824 patients) were included in our meta-analysis. Exercise was associated with a significant in CRP=-0.66mg/l (95% CI, -1.09 to -0.23mg/l; -14% from baseline) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)=-0.88pg/ml (95% CI, -1.44 to -0.32pg/ml; -18% from baseline) but did not alter adiponectin or resistin levels; aerobic exercise program was associated with a significant change in leptin=-3.72ng/ml (95% CI, -6.26 to -1.18ng/ml; -24% from baseline). For IL-6, exercise was more effective in those with a longer duration in the program and larger number of sessions during study (p=0.001).Exercise decreases inflammatory cytokine (CRP and IL-6) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Exercise could be a therapeutic option for improving abnormalities in inflammation levels in patients with diabetes.

Kim D., Jung S., Seo B.

[Purpose] The present study investigated the effects of regular exercise on the improvement of free fatty acid (FFA) levels and metabolic risk factors of stroke patients. [Methods] The subjects were 20 male patients aged 47−59 years who were diagnosed as having hemiplegia resulting from stroke. Exercise was conducted using a stationary bicycle, a rehabilitative exercise machine. The exercise program utilized the heart rate reserve (HRR) method to create an exercise intensity amounting to 50−70% of the target heart rate (THR). The program lasted for 30 minutes and was conducted 5 times per week for a total of 12 weeks. [Results] In stroke patients, 12 weeks of exercise training yielded a significant interaction effect with weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). There were also significant differences in triglycerides (TG) according to the time of measurement, and an interaction effect was observed for triglycerides (TC). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), an important marker of improvement in metabolic risk factors, showed a significant interaction effect with exercise training. In addition, free fatty acids (FFA) showed a significant difference based on the time of measurement and showed a significant negative correlation with HDLC (r = −0.77). [Conclusion] The results of the present study suggest that regular exercise by stroke patients reduces their risk of metabolic complications and stroke recurrence by reducing obesity indices, improving serum lipid and FFA levels, and increasing HDLC levels.

Cabrera de León A., Almeida González D., González Hernández A., Domínguez Coello S., Marrugat J., Juan Alemán Sánchez J., Brito Díaz B., Marcelino Rodríguez I., Pérez M.D.

Cabrera de León A., Almeida González D., González Hernández A., Juan Alemán Sánchez J., Brito Díaz B., Domínguez Coello S., Marcelino Rodríguez I., Gregorio Oliva García J., Aguirre Jaime A., Rodríguez Pérez M.D.

Wenning P., Kreutz T., Schmidt A., Opitz D., Graf C., Voss S., Bloch W., Brixius K.

It has been demonstrated that alterations of adipocytokines can alter immune status in type 2 diabetes. The present study investigated changes of adipocytokine plasma concentrations and cellular immune status in overweight men, suffering from non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes (n=14, age 61.0±8.7 years, BMI 31.1±3.5 kg/cm2). Subjects underwent a 3 months endurance exercise intervention (twice per week for up to 45 min) cycling at a heart rate corresponding to a 2 mmol/l lactate threshold. Before and after the intervention testing for adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin) and cellular immune status (including T memory-cells and regulative T-cells) was performed by RIA and FACS accordingly.The exercise intervention improved anthropometric and metabolic parameters of all subjects. We observed a significant decline for resistin and for the CD19+ B-cells. The CD4+CD25+CD127low Treg-cells decreased, however not statistically significant. All other parameters remained unchanged.In conclusion, even though only training twice a week, the exercise affected parts of the cellular immune system as well as resistin levels in men suffering from non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes.

Roupas N., Mamali I., Maragkos S., Leonidou L., Armeni A., Markantes G., Tsekouras A., Sakellaropoulos G., Markou K., Georgopoulos N.

Northcott J.M., Yeganeh A., Taylor C.G., Zahradka P., Wigle J.T.

This review focuses on the role of adipokines in the maintenance of a healthy cardiovascular system, and the mechanisms by which these factors mediate the development of cardiovascular disease in obesity. Adipocytes are the major cell type comprising the adipose tissue. These cells secrete numerous factors, termed adipokines, into the blood, including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, and visfatin. Adipose tissue is a highly vascularised endocrine organ, and different adipose depots have distinct adipokine secretion profiles, which are altered with obesity. The ability of many adipokines to stimulate angiogenesis is crucial for adipose tissue expansion; however, excessive blood vessel growth is deleterious. As well, some adipokines induce inflammation, which promotes cardiovascular disease progression. We discuss how these 7 aforementioned adipokines act upon the various cardiovascular cell types (endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, cardiomyocytes, and cardiac fibroblasts), the direct effects of these actions, and their overall impact on the cardiovascular system. These were chosen, as these adipokines are secreted predominantly from adipocytes and have known effects on cardiovascular cells.

Smith M.M., Minson C.T.

Excess body weight is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, increasing the risk of hypertension, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia, recognized as the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ by producing various signalling cytokines called adipokines (including leptin, free fatty acids, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, angiotensinogen and adiponectin). A chronic dysregulation of certain adipokines can have deleterious effects on insulin signalling. Chronic sympathetic overactivity is also known to be present in central obesity, and recent findings demonstrate the consequence of an elevated sympathetic outflow to organs such as the heart, kidneys and blood vessels. Chronic sympathetic nervous system overactivity can also contribute to a further decline of insulin sensitivity, creating a vicious cycle that may contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome and hypertension. The cause of this overactivity is not clear, but may be driven by certain adipokines. The purpose of this review is to summarize how obesity, notably central or visceral as observed in the metabolic syndrome, leads to adipokine expression contributing to changes in insulin sensitivity and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system.

AINSWORTH B.E., HASKELL W.L., HERRMANN S.D., MECKES N., BASSETT D.R., TUDOR-LOCKE C., GREER J.L., VEZINA J., WHITT-GLOVER M.C., LEON A.S.

The Compendium of Physical Activities was developed to enhance the comparability of results across studies using self-report physical activity (PA) and is used to quantify the energy cost of a wide variety of PA. We provide the second update of the Compendium, called the 2011 Compendium.The 2011 Compendium retains the previous coding scheme to identify the major category headings and specific PA by their rate of energy expenditure in MET. Modifications in the 2011 Compendium include cataloging measured MET values and their source references, when available; addition of new codes and specific activities; an update of the Compendium tracking guide that links information in the 1993, 2000, and 2011 compendia versions; and the creation of a Web site to facilitate easy access and downloading of Compendium documents. Measured MET values were obtained from a systematic search of databases using defined key words.The 2011 Compendium contains 821 codes for specific activities. Two hundred seventeen new codes were added, 68% (561/821) of which have measured MET values. Approximately half (317/604) of the codes from the 2000 Compendium were modified to improve the definitions and/or to consolidate specific activities and to update estimated MET values where measured values did not exist. Updated MET values accounted for 73% of all code changes.The Compendium is used globally to quantify the energy cost of PA in adults for surveillance activities, research studies, and, in clinical settings, to write PA recommendations and to assess energy expenditure in individuals. The 2011 Compendium is an update of a system for quantifying the energy cost of adult human PA and is a living document that is moving in the direction of being 100% evidence based.

Kim B., Jo Y., Baek J.Y., Park S.J., Jung H., Lee E., Jang I., Sakong H., Ryu D.

Shestopalov A.V., Davydov V.V., Merkel K.P., Grigoryeva T.V., Martykanova D.S., Davletova N.С., Laikov A.V., Roumiantsev S.A.

Purpose of the study: the aim of that study was an investigation of the level of adipokines, myokines and growth factors in the blood of athletes involved in acyclic sports — martial arts.Materials and methods: we have investigated 15 male athletes aged 15–19 years. The control group included 15 healthy men of the same age who did not engage in sports. In the blood serum of the all subjects, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, irisin, adipsin, myostatin, FGF21, osteocrin and oncostatin were determined using a multiplex analysis.Results: studies have shown that long-term regular martial arts training is accompanied by a decrease in the level of leptin, resistin and oncostatin M in the blood of athletes and a change in correlations between the content of the studied myokines, adipokines and growth factors compared with their values in the control group.Conclusions: regular long-term martial arts training is accompanied by a decrease in the level of leptin, resistin and oncostatin M in the blood of athletes. Their occurrence is associated with changes in the state of regulatory systems that control the production and secretion of myokines, adipokines and growth factors in adipose, muscle, nervous and bone tissue. The resulting shifts ensure adaptation of the athletes’ bodies to physical activity.

Zhao X., Liu X., Wu X., Fu P., Zhang X., Zhou M., Hao Y., Xu B., Yan L., Xiao J., Li X., Lv L., Yang H., Liu Z., Yang C., et. al.

Vasileiadis G.K., Sayols S., Zhao S.S., Fatima T., Maglio C.

Adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the causal relationship between these adipokines and the risk for RA is unclear. We performed a range of two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to assess the causal effect of circulating adiponectin, leptin, and resistin on RA risk in European and East Asian individuals. Different sets of adiponectin-, leptin-, and resistin-related genetic variants were used as instruments for genetically determined adipokine levels. As body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for RA and affects adipokine levels, multivariable MR was used to calculate the causal effect of each adipokine on RA risk taking BMI into account. Several MR analyses revealed no evidence of a causal relationship between circulating adiponectin, leptin, or resistin levels and RA risk in either Europeans or East Asians. Similarly, multivariable MR did not provide evidence of any causal effect of adiponectin, leptin, or resistin on RA risk when taking BMI into account. This MR study shows for the first time that genetically determined levels of adiponectin, leptin, or resistin do not have a direct causal effect on the risk of developing RA after adjustment for BMI.

Broni E.K., Ogunmoroti O., Osibogun O., Echouffo-Tcheugui J.B., Chevli P.A., Shapiro M.D., Ndumele C.E., Michos E.D.

Objective To evaluate the association between ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) and adipokine levels. Adipokines are hormones implicated in obesity and its cardiometabolic consequences. The concept of ideal CVH was introduced to promote 7 key health factors and behaviors in the general population. Previous studies have found strong associations between obesity and ideal CVH. However, existing literature on the link between CVH and adipokines is scarce. Methods We studied 1842 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants free of cardiovascular disease who had 7 CVH metrics (smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose) measured at baseline and serum adipokine levels measured at a median of 2.4 years later. Each CVH metric was assigned a score of 0 (poor), 1 (intermediate), or 2 (ideal), and all scores were summed for a total CVH score (0-14). The total CVH scores of 0 to 8, 9 to 10, and 11 to 14 were considered inadequate, average, and optimal, respectively. We used multivariable linear regression models to assess the nonconcurrent associations between the CVH score and log-transformed adipokine levels. Results The mean age was 62.1 ± 9.8 years; 50.2% of participants were men. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, a 1-unit higher CVH score was significantly associated with 4% higher adiponectin and 15% and 1% lower leptin and resistin levels. Individuals with optimal CVH scores had 27% higher adiponectin and 56% lower leptin levels than those with inadequate CVH scores. Similar trends were observed for those with average versus inadequate CVH scores. Conclusion In a multi-ethnic cohort free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, individuals with average and optimal CVH scores had a more favorable adipokine profile than those with inadequate CVH scores.

Ferrari N., Schmidt N., Schmidt L., Merz W.M., Brockmeier K., Dötsch J., Bae-Gartz I., Mahabir E., Joisten C.

Lifestyle during pregnancy impacts the health of the mother and child. However, the extent to which physical activity affects maternal biomarkers and factors that might influence birth weight remains unclear. We analysed data from two lifestyle interventions in which the effects of an exercise programme (2x/week, 60–90 min) on the course of pregnancy with regard to adipokines and offspring were evaluated. A total of 70 women participated in this study (45, intervention group; 25, control group). Anthropometric data and maternal fasting serum leptin and resistin levels were measured at three time points (approximately 14th (T1), 24th (T2), and 36th (T3) weeks of gestation). Neonatal/child data were retrieved from screening examinations. Independent of the intervention, we found a positive correlation between the fat mass at T1 and both leptin and resistin levels at all time points. Leptin level was significantly higher in the control group at T3; however, no differences between the groups were found for resistin. The birth weight was influenced by the birth length, fat mass at T1/T3, and resistin level at T2. The BMI-SDS at one year of age was influenced by maternal fat-free mass at T3 and resistin at T1/T2. Even if these results can only be interpreted cautiously, lifestyle interventions during pregnancy are important in promoting maternal and child health. Further randomised controlled trials and translational studies are warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Meloni A., Cadeddu C., Cugusi L., Donataccio M.P., Deidda M., Sciomer S., Gallina S., Vassalle C., Moscucci F., Mercuro G., Maffei S.

Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a clinical condition characterized by a cluster of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes: proatherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, dysglycemia, and abdominal obesity. Each risk factor has an independent effect, but, when aggregated, they become synergistic, doubling the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and causing a 1.5-fold increase in all-cause mortality. We will highlight gender differences in the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical expression of the aforementioned Mets components. Moreover, we will discuss gender differences in new biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk.

Bendinelli B., Masala G., Bella C.D., Assedi M., Benagiano M., Pratesi S., Ermini I., Occhini D., Castaldo M., Saieva C., Caini S., D’Elios M.M., Palli D.

Adipocytokines are signaling molecules secreted by adipose tissue contributing to the control of body fat, energy expenditure and secretion of insulin and cytokines. They have been related to the development of obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Diet and physical activity (PA) may have beneficial effects on their level. We evaluated the effects of a 24-month dietary and/or PA intervention on plasma levels of adipocytokines as a secondary analysis in the DAMA (Diet, physical Activity and Mammography) trial. The 234 study participants (healthy postmenopausal women with high breast density, 50–69 years, non-smokers, no hormone therapy) were randomised to four arms: (1) isocaloric dietary intervention mainly based on plant-foods; (2) moderate-intensity PA intervention with at least 1 h/week of supervised strenuous activity; (3) both interventions; (4) general recommendations on healthy dietary and PA patterns. Leptin, resistin and adiponectin were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Analyses were performed using Tobit regression. After 24 months, women randomised to PA intervention (arms #2 + #3) showed significant lower level of leptin (37.5% lower) and resistin (65.6% lower) compared to the control group (arms #1 + #4). No significant differences emerged in adiponectin levels. No significant differences in leptin, resistin and adiponectin levels at follow-up emerged in women randomised to the dietary intervention (arms #1 + #3) in comparison with controls (arms #2 + #4). This study supports the effectiveness of PA, even at moderate intensity, in improving the leptin and resistin profile in postmenopausal women. Trial registration number: ISRCTN28492718, date of trial registration 17/05/2012.

del Cristo Rodríguez Pérez M., González D.A., Rodríguez I.M., Coello S.D., Fernández F.J., Díaz B.B., de León A.C.

Serum resistin is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been described as a risk factor associated with mortality in several clinical sets including type 2 diabetes. Mortality studies in the general population are needed to find out the risk of death associated to this cytokine. In a follow-up study of a cohort of adult population (n = 6636) in Spain over a period of fifteen years (447 deaths/102,255 person-years), serum resistin measurements and death records were obtained. The risks of all-cause deaths, and deaths from cardiovascular and oncological diseases were estimated. Hazard ratios (HR) and its confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable Cox models, adjusting the effect of 11 traditional risk factors. The risk of all-cause mortality among participants exposed to the highest quintile of resistin was always higher than among those in the lowest quintile (HR varied between 1.55 when smoking was the adjusted factor [95% CI 1.17–2.05], and 1.68 when the adjusted factor was physical activity [95% CI 1.27–2.21]). The maximally adjusted model, accounting for the effect of all traditional factors, corroborated this higher risk of all-cause mortality among people in the highest resistin quintile (HR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.13–2.05). The effect of resistin was even higher for cardiovascular deaths (HR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.13–4.06), being exceeded only by suffering diabetes (HR = 3.04; 95% CI 1.98–4.69) or previous acute coronary syndrome (HR = 3.67; 95% CI 2.18–6.18). This findings corroborate the role of resistin as a risk factor for all-cause (and cardiovascular) death in the general population.

Rodríguez-Pérez M.D., Kontro T.K., Almeida González D., Gómez Álvarez B., Marcelino Rodríguez I., Cabrera de León Y.A.

Irisin is a myokine with a potential role in cardiometabolic diseases, but previous studies have described inconsistencies between serum irisin and physical activity (PA). Our aim was to analyze the relationship between serum irisin and leisure-time PA (LTPA) in a large sample of the general adult population, and secondarily, to evaluate its relationship with two PA-related biomarkers (HDL cholesterol and resistin). A cross-sectional study was nested in the “CDC of the Canary Islands” cohort participants (n = 3827, 18–75 years, 60% women). PA was collected by administering the Minnesota leisure-time physical activity questionnaire, and physical examination and blood tests (irisin, resistin, HDL-cholesterol) were performed. Irisin inversely correlated with BMI (p < 0.001 in women) and resistin (p = 0.038 in women, p = 0.004 in men), and directly with HDL cholesterol (p < 0.001in women). There was a direct association of irisin with leisure-time and energy expenditure in light, moderate and vigorous LTPA, which was stronger in women than men. The distribution of leisure-time and PA variables across irisin quintiles showed a significant trend, except for light LPTA in men. Adjusting for age, sex and BMI, the association of irisin with leisure-time and LTPA variables was stronger than the association of these variables with resistin and HDL cholesterol, reaching the strongest association for irisin with the 80th percentile of time of LTPA (OR = 2.57; 95% CI = 2.00–3.31). There is a direct and independent association between serum irisin levels and LTPA in the general adult population, which is stronger than other biomarkers of PA. Findings on exercise-related irisin support the possibility of irisin health benefits.

Le Guennec D., Goepp M., Farges M., Rougé S., Vasson M., Caldefie-Chezet F., Rossary A.

Our goal was to evaluate the effect of spontaneous physical activity on tumour immunity during aging. Elderly (n = 10/group, 33 weeks) ovariectomized C57BL/6J mice fed a hyperlipidic diet were housed in standard (SE) or enriched (EE) environments. After 4 weeks, orthotopic implantation of syngeneic mammary cancer EO771 cells was performed to explore the immune phenotyping in the immune organs and the tumours, as well as the cytokines in the tumour and the plasma. EE lowered circulating myostatin, IL-6 and slowed down tumour growth. Spleen and inguinal lymph node weights reduced in relation to SE. Within the tumours, EE induced a lower content of lymphoid cells with a decrease in Th2, Treg and MDCS; and, conversely, a greater quantity of Tc and TAMs. While no change in tumour NKs cells occurred, granzyme A and B expression increased as did that of perforin 1. Spontaneous physical activity in obese conditions slowed tumour growth by decreasing low-grade inflammation, modulating immune recruitment and efficacy within the tumour.

Llorente-Cantarero F.J., Aguilar-Gómez F.J., Bueno-Lozano G., Anguita-Ruiz A., Rupérez A.I., Vázquez-Cobela R., Flores-Rojas K., Aguilera C.M., Moreno L.A., Gil Á., Leis R., Gil-Campos M.

Childhood obesity has been related to metabolic syndrome and low-grade chronic inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of physical activity intensities and practice on inflammation, endothelial damage, and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. There were 513 participants, aged 6–14 years, recruited for the study. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry, and the children were classified into four groups according to quartiles of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) practice as very low active, low active, moderate active, and high active. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and plasma metabolic and proinflammatory parameters were analyzed. Very low active group presented a worse lipid profile and higher insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, matrix metallopeptidase-9, and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, while lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Type 1 macrophages, and interleukin 8 than high-active children. Regression analyses showed that a higher MVPA practice was associated with lower levels of triacylglycerols (β: −0.118; p = .008), resistin (β: −0.151; p = .005), tPAI (β: −0.105; p = .046), and P-selectin (β: −0.160; p = .006), independently of sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). In contrast, a higher BMI was associated with higher levels of insulin (β: 0.370; p < .001), Homeostasis Model Assessment (β: 0.352; p < .001), triacylglycerols (β: 0.209; p < .001), leptin (β: 0.654; p < .001), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (β: 0.182; p < .001), Type 1macrophages (β: 0.181; p < .001), and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (β: 0.240; p < .001), independently of sex, age, and MVPA. A better anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory profile was detected in the most active children; however, these differences were partly due to BMI. These results suggest that a higher MVPA practice and a lower BMI in children may lead to a better cardiometabolic status.

Shokri E., Heidarianpour A., Razavi Z.

The prevalence of precocious puberty is increasing. Obesity has been demonstrated to be associated with changes in the adipokine profile and incidence of early puberty in girls. This study assessed the pubertal signs, the levels of adiponectin, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) after 12 weeks of combined exercise and 4 weeks of detraining in overweight and obese girls with precocious puberty. Thirty overweight and obese girls (aged 7–9) with precocious puberty, who had received Triptorelin, were randomly divided into two groups (15 exercise and 15 control). Initially, serum levels of adiponectin, resistin, TNF-α, luteinising hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the signs of puberty progression (bone age, uterine length, and ovarian volume) were measured. The exercise group performed 60 min of combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise three times/week for 12 weeks. The control group did not receive any exercise. 48 h after the last training session and after 4 weeks of detraining, all research variables were measured (also in the control group). The statistical method used for data analysis was repeated measures ANOVA. In the exercise group, adiponectin significantly increased and resistin significantly decreased after 12 weeks. After 4 weeks of detraining, adiponectin significantly decreased, but resistin significantly increased. TNF-α levels did not change significantly during the study. There was no significant difference in all of the factors in the control group. Throughout the 16-week study period, the rate of puberty and LH significantly decreased in both exercise and control groups, but FSH, LH/FSH and ovarian volume significantly decreased in the exercise group alone (P<0.05). Combined exercise increased adiponectin and decreased resistin and the rate of puberty. However, after 4 weeks of detraining, these effects diminished but did not disappear. IRCT, IRCT56471. Registered 25 may 2021 - Retrospectively registered, https://fa.irct.ir/user/profile

Remmel L., Jürimäe J., Tamm A., Purge P., Tillmann V.

Rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body mass and shape compared to untrained controls (UCs). However, due to the lack of information, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations of body image perception (BIP) with body composition, daily energy consumption and different blood biochemical markers in adolescent RGs compared to UCs. Thirty-three highly trained RG girls and 20 UC girls aged 14–18 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Height, body mass, body composition, energy intake, resting energy expenditure, training volume and different blood biochemical markers were measured. The body attitude test (BAT) was used to evaluate the BIP of the participants. There were no differences in the total BAT scores between the groups. In RGs, the BAT score correlated positively with the serum resistin level (r = 0.35; p = 0.047). A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 40.8% of the variability in the BAT score was determined by resistin and BMI. The association of BIP with resistin values was observed only in RGs. In conclusion, our findings add to the increasing evidence that resistin may be a link between BIP and body composition, most likely through fat mass, in adolescent female RGs.

Mieszkowski J., Borkowska A., Stankiewicz B., Kochanowicz A., Niespodziński B., Surmiak M., Waldziński T., Rola R., Petr M., Antosiewicz J.

Purpose: A growing number of studies indicate the importance of vitamin D supplementation for sports performance. However, the effects of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on ultramarathon-induced inflammation have not been investigated. We here analyzed the effect of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on the inflammatory marker levels in ultramarathon runners after an ultramarathon run (maximal run 240 km). Methods: In the study, 35 runners (amateurs) were assigned into two groups: single high-dose vitamin D supplementation group, administered vitamin D (150,000 IU) in vegetable oil 24 h before the start of the run (n = 16); and placebo group (n = 19). Blood was collected for analysis 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 h after the run. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly increased after the ultramarathon in both groups. The increase was greater in the vitamin D group than in the control group. Based on post-hoc and other analyses, the increase in interleukin 6 and 10, and resistin levels immediately after the run was significantly higher in runners in the control group than that in those in the supplementation group. Leptin, oncostatin M, and metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor levels were significantly decreased in both groups after the run, regardless of the supplementation. Conclusions: Ultramarathon significantly increases the serum 25(OH)D levels. Attenuation of changes in interleukin levels upon vitamin D supplementation confirmed that vitamin D has anti-inflammatory effect on exercise-induced inflammation.