Open Access

Earth System Science Data

, volume 15 , issue 12 , pages 5301-5369

Global Carbon Budget 2023

Pierre Friedlingstein ¹

Michael O'Sullivan ²

M W Jones ³

Robbie M. Andrew ⁴

Dorothee C.E Bakker ⁵

Judith Hauck ⁶

Peter Landschützer ⁷

Corinne Le Quéré ³

Ingrid T. Luijkx ⁸

Glen P. Peters ⁴

William L. Peters ^{8, 9}

Julia Pongratz ^{10, 11}

Clemens Schwingshackl ¹⁰

Stephen Sitch ²

Josep G. Canadell ¹²

Philippe Ciais ¹³

Robert Jackson ^{14, 15}

Simone R. Alin ¹⁶

Peter M. Anthoni ¹⁷

L. Barbero ¹⁸

Nicholas R. Bates ^{19, 20}

Meike Becker ^{21, 22}

Nicolas Bellouin ²³

Bertrand Decharme ²⁴

Laurent Bopp ²⁵

Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika ^{2, 26}

Patricia Cadule ²⁵

MATTHEW CHAMBERLAIN ²⁷

Naveen Chandra ²⁸

Thi Tuyet Trang Chau ²⁹

F. Chevallier ^{13, 30}

Louise Chini ³¹

Margot Cronin ³²

Xinyu Dou Xinyu Dou ³³

Kazutaka Enyo ³⁴

Wiley Evans ³⁵

Stefanie Falk ¹⁰

R. A. Feely ¹⁶

Liang Feng ^{36, 37}

Daniel J. Ford ²

Thomas Gasser ³⁸

J. Ghattas ¹³

Thanos Gkritzalis ⁷

Giacomo Grassi ³⁹

L. Gregor ⁴⁰

Nicolas Gruber ⁴⁰

Özgür Gürses ⁶

I C Harris ⁴¹

Matthew Hefner ^{42, 43}

Jens Heinke ⁴⁴

Richard Houghton ⁴⁵

George Hurtt ³¹

Yosuke Iida ³⁴

Tatiana Ilyina ¹¹

Andrew R Jacobson ^{46, 47}

Atul Jain ⁴⁸

Tereza Jarníková ³

Annika Jersild ¹¹

Fei Jiang ⁴⁹

Zhe Jin ^{50, 51}

Fortunat Joos ^{52, 53}

Etsushi KATO ⁵⁴

Ralph F. Keeling ⁵⁵

Daniel Kennedy ⁵⁶

K. K. Goldewijk ⁵⁷

J.B Knauer ^{12, 58}

Jan Ivar Korsbakken ⁴

Arne Körtzinger ⁵⁹

Xin Lan ^{46, 47}

Nathalie Lefévre ⁶⁰

Hongmei Li ¹¹

Junjie Liu ⁶¹

Zhiqiang Liu ⁶²

Lei Ma ³¹

Greg Marland ^{42, 43}

Nicolas Mayot ³

Patrick C. McGuire ⁶³

Galen A. McKinley ⁶⁴

Gesa Meyer ⁶⁵

Eric J Morgan ⁵⁵

David D. Munro ^{46, 47}

Shinichiro Nakaoka ⁶⁶

Yosuke Niwa ^{66, 67}

Kevin D. O'Brien ^{16, 68}

A. Olsen ^{21, 22}

Abdirahman M. Omar ^{22, 69}

Tsuneo ONO ⁷⁰

Melf Paulsen ⁵⁹

D Pierrot ⁷¹

Katie Pocock ³⁵

Benjamin Poulter ⁷²

Carter M Powis ⁷³

Gustavo P. Rehder ⁷⁴

Laure Resplandy ^{75, 76}

E. G. ROBERTSON ⁷⁷

Christian Rödenbeck ⁷⁸

Thais M. Rosan ²

J. Schwinger ^{22, 79}

Roland Séférian ²⁴

Thomas Luke Smallman ³⁶

Stephen M Smith ⁷³

Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso ⁸⁰

Qing Sun ^{52, 53}

Adrienne J. Sutton ¹⁶

Colm Sweeney ⁴⁷

Shintaro Takao ⁶⁶

Pieter Tans ⁸¹

H. Tian ⁸²

Bronte Tilbrook ^{27, 83}

H. Tsujino ⁸⁴

Francesco N Tubiello ⁸⁵

G. R. van der Werf ⁸

Erik van Ooijen ²⁷

Rik Wanninkhof ⁷¹

Michio Watanabe ²⁸

Cathy Wimart-Rousseau ⁵⁹

D Yang ⁸⁶

Xiao-Juan Yang ⁸⁷

Wenping Yuan ⁸⁸

Xu Yue ⁸⁹

Sönke Zaehle ⁷⁸

Jiye Zeng ⁶⁶

Bo Zheng ⁹⁰

Hide authors affiliations Show authors affiliations: 90 affiliations

LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD ENS 24 Rue Lhomond 75231 Paris Cedex 05 - France) |

Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK |

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK |

⁴

CICERO Center for International Climate Research, 0349 Oslo, Norway |

⁵

School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK |

⁶

Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum fÃ¼r Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany |

⁷

Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400, Ostend, Belgium |

⁸

Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands |

⁹

Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands |

¹⁰

Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitÃ¤t MÃ¼nchen, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany |

¹¹

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, BundesstraÃe 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany |

¹²

CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2101, Australia |

¹³

LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (Bât. 12, avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 GIF-SUR-YVETTE CEDEX - France) |

¹⁴

Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA |

¹⁵

Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA |

¹⁶

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (NOAA/PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA |

¹⁷

Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany |

¹⁸

Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, USA |

¹⁹

Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, School of Ocean Futures, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5502, USA |

²⁰

Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), 17 Biological Lane, StÂ George's, GE01, Bermuda |

²¹

Geophysical institute, University of Bergen, AllÃ©gaten 70, 5007 Bergen, Norway |

²²

Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway |

²³

Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK |

²⁴

CNRM, UniversitÃ© de Toulouse, MÃ©tÃ©o-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France |

²⁵

LMD - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (École polytechnique : Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex l ENS : 24 Rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05 l Sorbonne Université : 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05 - France) |

²⁶

Faculty of Marine Science & Fisheries, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, 80361, Indonesia |

²⁷

CSIRO Environment, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia |

²⁸

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan |

²⁹

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UniversitÃ© Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines

Institut Pierre Simon Laplace

³⁰

SATINV - Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (LSCE. CEA Paris-Saclay. Orme des merisiers. 91190 Saint-Aubin. - France) |

³¹

Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA |

³²

Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co Galway H91 R673, Ireland |

³³

Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China |

³⁴

Japan Meteorological Agency, 3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, 105-8431, Japan

Japan Meteorological Agency

Toranomon Hospital

³⁵

Hakai Institute, 1713 Hyacinthe Bay Rd, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada |

³⁶

National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK |

³⁷

School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK |

³⁸

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria |

³⁹

Joint Research Centre, European Commission, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy |

⁴⁰

Environmental Physics Group, ETH ZÃ¼rich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics and Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM), Zurich, Switzerland |

⁴¹

NCAS-Climate, Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK |

⁴²

Research Institute for Environment, Energy, and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA |

⁴³

Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA |

⁴⁴

Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412 Potsdam, Germany |

⁴⁵

Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA |

⁴⁶

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305, USA |

⁴⁷

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA |

⁴⁸

Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61821, USA |

⁴⁹

Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China |

⁵⁰

State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System and Resource Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China |

⁵¹

Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China |

⁵²

Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |

⁵³

Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland |

⁵⁴

Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan |

⁵⁵

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA

University of California, San Diego

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

⁵⁶

Terrestrial Sciences Section, Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA |

⁵⁷

Faculty of Geosciences, Department IMEW, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC, Utrecht, the Netherlands |

⁵⁸

Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia |

⁵⁹

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstr. 1â3, 24148 Kiel, Germany |

⁶⁰

VOG - Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (France) |

⁶¹

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

California Institute of Technology

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

⁶²

CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China |

⁶³

Department of Meteorology & National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom |

⁶⁴

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DEES), Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA |

⁶⁵

Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada |

⁶⁶

Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan |

⁶⁷

Department of Climate and Geochemistry Research, Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan |

⁶⁸

Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies (CICOES), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA |

⁶⁹

NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway |

⁷⁰

Marine Environment Division, Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, 236-8648, Japan |

⁷¹

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA/AOML), 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA |

⁷²

Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA |

⁷³

Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK |

⁷⁴

Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research WarnemÃ¼nde (IOW), Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany |

⁷⁵

Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA |

⁷⁶

High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA |

⁷⁷

Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK |

⁷⁸

Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 600164, Hans-KnÃ¶ll-Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany |

⁷⁹

NORCE Climate & Environment, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway |

⁸⁰

Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Victoria, BC, Canada |

⁸¹

Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA |

⁸²

Schiller Institute of Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA |

⁸³

Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

University of Tasmania

Australian Antarctic Division

⁸⁴

JMA Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan |

⁸⁵

Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy |

⁸⁶

Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, China |

⁸⁷

Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA |

⁸⁸

School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 510245, China |

⁸⁹

School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, China |

⁹⁰

Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China |

Publication type: Journal Article

Publication date: 2023-12-05

Copernicus

Earth System Science Data

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR: 4.066

CiteScore: 20.6

Impact factor: 11.6

ISSN: 18663508, 18663516

DOI: 10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023

Copy DOI

General Earth and Planetary Sciences

Abstract

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO2 products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2022, EFOS increased by 0.9 % relative to 2021, with fossil emissions at 9.9±0.5 Gt C yr−1 (10.2±0.5 Gt C yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and ELUC was 1.2±0.7 Gt C yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1±0.8 Gt C yr−1 (40.7±3.2 Gt CO2 yr−1). Also, for 2022, GATM was 4.6±0.2 Gt C yr−1 (2.18±0.1 ppm yr−1; ppm denotes parts per million), SOCEAN was 2.8±0.4 Gt C yr−1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 Gt C yr−1, with a BIM of −0.1 Gt C yr−1 (i.e. total estimated sources marginally too low or sinks marginally too high). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2022 reached 417.1±0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2023 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2022 of +1.1 % (0.0 % to 2.1 %) globally and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 419.3 ppm, 51 % above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2022, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 Gt C yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living-data update documents changes in methods and data sets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2023).

Found

2 citations

Chen Deliang

171 publications, 905 citations, 7 reviews

h-index: 18

University of Gothenburg

Tsinghua University

Dongguan University of Technology

Zhengzhou University

1 citation

Cheremisin Alexey

🥼 🤝

PhD in Engineering, lecturer

158 publications, 1 997 citations

h-index: 26

Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology

Surgut State University

Research interests

Digital core

Flows in porous media

Machine learning

Methods of increasing oil recovery

Microfluidics

Numerical simulation

Physics of continuous media

1 citation

Feron Sarah

51 publications, 1 923 citations

h-index: 22

University of Groningen

Stanford University

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

1 citation

Astakhov Anatolii

63 publications, 551 citations

h-index: 14

V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

1 citation

Kinase Takeshi

11 publications, 19 citations, 3 reviews

h-index: 3

1 citation

Buzjak Nenad

7 publications, 7 citations

1 citation

Tiong Michelle

19 publications, 168 citations, 3 reviews

h-index: 8

China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Research interests

CCUS

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Friedlingstein P. et al. Global Carbon Budget 2023 // Earth System Science Data. 2023. Vol. 15. No. 12. pp. 5301-5369.

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Friedlingstein P. et al. Global Carbon Budget 2023 // Earth System Science Data. 2023. Vol. 15. No. 12. pp. 5301-5369.

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@article{2023_Friedlingstein,

author = {Pierre Friedlingstein and Michael O'Sullivan and M W Jones and Robbie M. Andrew and Dorothee C.E Bakker and Judith Hauck and Peter Landschützer and Corinne Le Quéré and Ingrid T. Luijkx and Glen P. Peters and William L. Peters and Julia Pongratz and Clemens Schwingshackl and Stephen Sitch and Josep G. Canadell and Philippe Ciais and Robert Jackson and Simone R. Alin and Peter M. Anthoni and L. Barbero and Nicholas R. Bates and Meike Becker and Nicolas Bellouin and Bertrand Decharme and Laurent Bopp and Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika and Patricia Cadule and MATTHEW CHAMBERLAIN and Naveen Chandra and Thi Tuyet Trang Chau and F. Chevallier and Louise Chini and Margot Cronin and Xinyu Dou Xinyu Dou and Kazutaka Enyo and Wiley Evans and Stefanie Falk and R. A. Feely and Liang Feng and Daniel J. Ford and Thomas Gasser and J. Ghattas and Thanos Gkritzalis and Giacomo Grassi and L. Gregor and Nicolas Gruber and Özgür Gürses and I C Harris and Matthew Hefner and Jens Heinke and others},

title = {Global Carbon Budget 2023},

journal = {Earth System Science Data},

year = {2023},

volume = {15},

publisher = {Copernicus},

month = {dec},

url = {https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5301/2023/},

number = {12},

pages = {5301--5369},

doi = {10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023}

}

MLA

Cite this

MLA Copy

Friedlingstein, Pierre, et al. “Global Carbon Budget 2023.” Earth System Science Data, vol. 15, no. 12, Dec. 2023, pp. 5301-5369. https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5301/2023/.

Publisher

Copernicus

Journal

Earth System Science Data

scimago Q1

wos Q1

SJR

4.066

CiteScore

20.6

Impact factor

11.6

ISSN

18663508 (Print)

18663516 (Electronic)

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