Russian Education and Society

Tulupov A.S.

National security assessment is a strategic direction of research in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development. This study aims to highlight the critical shortcomings of current national security assessment approaches. The authors propose a system of indicators to assess the components of national security which satisfies the officially adopted national goals and strategic objectives of the development in the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the study is both scientific and regulatory documents on assessing and ensuring safety, as well as sustainable development. The main scientific tools used in the work are: economic and systemic types of analysis, including conceptual content analysis and information modeling. The study develops a system of assessment indicators depending on the main types of security that form national security. At the same time, it shows that further development of approaches to assessing national and individual types of security requires systematic consideration, taking into account the multifaceted nature of emerging relationships and their consequences. The approach used corresponds to our interpretation of national security, defined as protection from internal and external threats, in which all types of security are systematically ensured and the stability of its indicators is maintained. The findings have a widely applied purpose and can be recommended for ministries and departments, research and educational organizations in assessing and ensuring national and specific types of security, including developing regulatory documentation, scientific and educational publications.

Aleshina A.Y., Kotlobovsky I.B.

Insurance companies in most developed and developing countries are paying increased attention to sustainable development issues over the past 10 years. The authors set a goal – to determine possible ways to introduce the principles of sustainable insurance in Russia in accordance with key business processes of insurance companies related to the formation of a client portfolio, the development of insurance products, operating and investment activities. The subject of this article is the development of sustainable insurance in Russia, taking into account national characteristics. Using methods of generalization and comparative analysis traditional for socio-economic research, the authors explore international experience in introducing the principles of sustainable development in insurance market and offer a number of recommendations to develop this area in Russia. The paper proposes the measures to expand product line and insurance conditions to cover key risks of sustainable development: climate and environmental; risks associated with life, public health and increasing inclusiveness. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of introducing the principles of sustainable insurance in the context of increased sanction pressure on Russian companies, when companies are forced to shift their goals to the medium and long term, placing the main emphasis on social and corporate aspect. The authors identify the national factors that impede the promotion of sustainable development principles due to the structure of the Russian economy, where a significant part is occupied by fuel, energy and mining industries, and industry characteristics associated with ownership structure of insurance companies. The study examines the prerequisites for structural changes, such as linking executive remuneration to the performance of sustainable development indicators, which will require the development of key performance indicators and tools for measuring the effect of the measures taken. Such measures form the basis for further reducing the influence of the regulator in terms of implementing the principles of sustainable development.

Nizamutdinov I.K.

The state of modern economy is exposed to significant challenges from geopolitical risks and transformation of the process of industrial development, which requires determining the conditions for implementing modern industrial policy and changing directions and priorities of industrial development. Improvement of the ways of production, development of the system of social institutions takes place when solving the issues related to the development of science underlying the formation of new industries. The subject of the study is the transformation of industrial policy features in modern economy at various levels of interaction between government and business. The article examines the changes in industrial development and corresponding transformation of industrial policy tools in import substitution development. The study aims at determining the relationships between the directions and levels of implementing industrial policy in accordance with system analysis and identifying the key features in the relationship between business structures and the state. The theories of industrial development and the concepts of resource and process approaches to industrial development and implementation of innovative industrial policy provide the methodological basis of the study. The study uses the methods of system analysis and synthesis in identifying the key relationships between business structures and the state in achieving the goals of industrial development. The study defines the transformation of types, tools and system of indicators of industrial policy under the sanction pressure on the economy, identifies the possibilities of using the matrix system in managing industrial development, implemented at three levels (macro-, meso- and microeconomic) in interaction of business structures and public authorities, assesses the possibility of forming and conducting conservative industrial policy in the lack of scientific research funding. The findings can be used in assessing the priorities, directions and transformation of the tools used to implement an innovative model of industrial policy in the Russian economy, in the development of import substitution and formation of new industries, to form an effective interaction of innovation process and the process of industrial development of the national economy.

Bannikova V.A., Sugaipov D.R.

The article examines modeling the impact of news shocks of US monetary policy on developing countries. The study analyzes the transmission mechanism of the Federal Reserve's interest rate news shock. The authors argue that the volatility of macroeconomic indicators in emerging economies can be explained by changes in monetary policy in other countries, and highlight the main channels of influence: financial sector indicators and trade indicators. In this paper the authors first use the LSDV-estimator of the panel vector autoregression and identify unexpected and news shocks. To achieve this goal, quarterly data was collected from the first quarter of 1998 to the third quarter of 2017 for Russia, along with data starting from the first quarter of 1995 for several developing countries. The results obtained indicate that the expected tightening of US monetary policy leads to a decrease in output, investment, and weakening of exchange rate in Russia. The monetary news regarding an increase in the US Federal Reserve's interest rate in two quarters also results in a short-term increase in trade balance and interest rates. News about future economic developments affects macroeconomic indicators up to two quarters before the implementation of monetary policy changes. Additionally, the news shock accounts for up to 11% of the variation in macroeconomic indicators in Russia. Accordingly, the monetary policy news shock is found to be as significant as an unexpected shock. The paper concludes with the analysis of the role played by various financial and trade channels.

Petrunin Y.Y.

The purpose of this article is to assess the current interaction between artificial intelligence (AI) and economic science and to identify promising interdisciplinary areas of research that can significantly influence the methodology of understanding economic phenomena. To achieve this goal, the vague and partly even mystical term AI was replaced with а more scientific term «artificial neural networks» (ANN). The article uses methods of scientometric, epistemological and comparative analysis of the processes of ANN penetration into economics and other academic disciplines. The authors reveal the epistemological commonality and difference between AI and ANN and justify the shift in epistemological focus in research from general AI to ANN. The paper systematizes the use of ANN in economics: 1) ANN as a mathematical tool for solving economic problems; 2) ANN as a model of economic phenomena; 3) ANN as a methodology for understanding economic patterns. It shows the interaction of economics with neurosciences which occurs in two significantly different directions: from neurobiology, i.e. real nerve networks in living organisms, and, on the other hand, from ANN theory. The first direction is associated with neuroeconomics, the second has not yet been articulated, but shows an exponential growth in publications and is associated primarily with forming a new economic paradigm. The ANN paradigm in economics (and not only in economics) changes both the subject of cognition, introducing radically new forms/types of evidence and new research methods, and the object of cognition, changing the focus of study from individual economic behavior to the collective economic behavior of mega-subjects.

Kubicheck V.V., Igithanyan D.A., Brikotnina N.V.

Ensuring the sustainability of settlements in the Far North regions is achievable only through a comprehensive set of measures for the procurement and delivery of essential goods (primarily food and fuel) from other areas, known as the «Northern Delivery» The current supply system is marked by inefficiencies that create high risks of delivery disruptions. Enhancing this system requires developing and implementing optimal measures to influence the economic relationships within the «Northern Delivery» framework, alongside determining effective legal regulatory methods. A critical step in this process is the establishment of precise and strictly defined territorial boundaries for implementing these measures. At present, there is no legal formalization of spatial limits for the array of managerial, logistic, and socio-economic processes aimed at ensuring uninterrupted deliveries of goods for the «Northern Delivery» underscoring the importance of this research. The aim of this study is to define the criteria and their quantitative parameters to categorize the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas with limited cargo delivery periods. By synthesizing the work of both domestic and international scholars on the zoning of northern territories and assessing their transport accessibility, as well as utilizing cartographic research methods and focus groups, an algorithm for categorizing the settlements of the Far North regions has been developed. The identified selection criteria include transport accessibility, the presence of stable supply logistics chains, the duration of heating period, and the level of provision with basic food products. This categorization resulted in identifying of three groups of territories based on the supply organization mechanism: critical, supporting, and basic supply. The proposed categorization can be used to determine the spatial limits for legal regulation of the «Northern Delivery» and to develop a specific set of measures to ensure the uninterrupted delivery of essential goods.

Dneprovskaya N.V., Shevtsova I.V.

Digital environment includes a huge number of information and telecommunication technologies (IT), while their usage generates common features for them. The goal of the study is to identify the cumulative factor of digital environment and analysis of ways to exploit them into economic activities. The analysis of quantitative indicators of the state of digital environment in Russia and abroad shows that intensity growth rate of IT use exceeds the growth rate of the number of IT in society and create the following IT properties: 1) to generate a continuous flow of digital data; 2) to ensure the delivery and consumption of digital products and services; 3) to support instant interaction between actors and automatic interaction between items. An organisational innovation activity conducts economic factors of digital environment into economic activity. The peculiarities of innovation activity in digital environment consist of widespread open access to certain content and software applications, shared accumulation of IT, involvement of suppliers and consumers in designing and testing the innovations. The success of applying cumulative factors of IT depends on management mechanisms more than on technological solutions since the analysis has shown that more than 90% of Russian companies overcome the technological threshold for their use. This fact favorably distinguishes the capabilities of digital environment accumulated over the past decades from cutting edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, which requires significant investments in IT.

Ivanova T.B., Mironova S.M.

Platform employment covers an increasing proportion of the population. What are its modern features? What are the common features and differences compared to traditional employment? What changes are possible and necessary in the future? The purpose of this article is to determine the directions of their evolution in traditional and platform forms of interaction based on a comparative analysis of developing the relations between employees and employers. Research methodology: institutional and post–Keynesian approaches, theories of personnel management – concepts of scientific management, administrative, human resources and relations, behavioral, human. The methods used are comparative analysis, statistical data processing and interviews. This made it possible to define criteria for comparing traditional and platform employment relationships. These include the legal status of performers, social guarantees, labor incentives, and institutional forms of protection. A common feature is the convergence of forms of regulation of the types of employment under consideration. The difference lies in a greater flexibility and riskiness of platform employment compared to traditional employment. This determines the attractiveness of interaction with labor digital platforms (LDP) which is a new kind of social institutions involved in the process of expanding social responsibility. The implementation of modern theories of personnel management in the traditional sector of the economy has led to forming a new type of an employee. Its LDF are growing creativity, initiative, and risk-taking. The number of people interested in self-provision of works and services is increasing. The shopping centers have created additional opportunities for this. The trends in the development of traditional and platform employment coincide. For platform employment, the deadlines for their implementation are shorter. To solve the social problems of individuals, it is necessary to preserve institutional approaches to employment relations. The article offers practical recommendations to resolve this contradiction in each of the criteria for comparing traditional and platform employment.

Arslanov M.V.

This paper studies the impact of esports matches results on the dynamics of sponsoring companies shares. Statistics on three main esports leagues is reviewed: Defense of the Ancient 2, League of legends and Counter Strike: Global Offensive, with Samsung, MegaFon, Intel, HTC corporation, MSI, Asus, Comcast Xfinity, Logitech, Lenovo, BMW, Honda, AMD and a number of several lesser-known companies as sponsors. The study will test the assumption concerning the growth of share prices of the companies sponsoring esports events. Another purpose of the study is to identify the most profitable esports teams and championships. The work will also include an event analysis designed to answer the question of which leagues for which sponsor companies may be preferable in terms of return on investment and why. In particular, the event window will be considered in the context of the teams in middle places, as well as in the context of the winners and losers in a particular esports league. In addition, all sponsors will be divided into their production areas to track the impact of the industry factor. The main result is that the profitability of companies associated with the video game industry will have low correlation with the outcomes of matches of esports teams. The findings show that if a team has the least number of sponsors, there is a greater return on shares than for other teams with a greater number of sponsors.

Shageeva G.R.

In the modern world, the desire to be well perceived by the environment has become a duty, which is the only way to achieve a competitive advantage and success. Today, the reputation capital of an individual is of great importance, especially on the labor market. Everyone wants to be an important part of the team. To have respect and love in the workplace, it is necessary to develop and increase your reputation capital. In this article, the authors consider in detail the concept of «reputation», including the approaches of domestic and foreign authors, study the concept of «business reputation», its main characteristics, elements and advantages. The paper studies the ways to increase the reputation capital of an individual in business environment, as well as mistakes that should be avoided. It notes the actions that should be taken if someone wants to blacken business reputation for their own benefit. This article highlights and describes the impact of a person's reputation capital on the reputation of an enterprise based on the results of a Weber Shandwick survey, and also examines the company's impact on the reputation of employees: investigates key criteria of a future employer for most applicants, analyzes certain methods and tools for retaining valuable employees in the workplace in the long term. The article concludes with is formulating the concept of «reputation» as a social opinion, justified or not, about a certain object. A good reputation is synonymous with prestige, fame and a good name; a bad reputation is equated with dishonor or discredit.

Tatuzov V.Y.

This article examines some acute problems of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Monetary Policy and Inflation. Following a long declining trend, global FDI flows decreased in 2023 and remaining below the indicator of 2007, that is pre-global financial crisis level. According to international organizations, FDI flows were negatively affected by high interest rates, unfavourable financing conditions and situation on capital markets. The article considers the role of restrictive monetary policy alongside the theoretical aspects of global inflation. The author argues that the drop in international investment, in particular, can be attributed to Restrictive Monetary Policy in many countries. Restrictive Monetary Policy seems to underestimate the inflationary role of imperfect competition, the rise of prices for imported energy and food, the fluctuations of currency rates as well as expectations of the micro-level participants. The article provides certain economic recommendations to Russia’s regulators on Monetary and FDI Policy. In future the Bank of Russia may gradually move from Restrictive Monetary Policy to Expansionary Monetary Policy to provide stimulus for FDI. Also, this article summarizes the process of predicting future condition of the world economy in applying Kondratieff’s approach. The author concludes that it is necessary to continue studying the long wave theory with the aim of its further use in forecasting the events in Russia and worldwide.

Kulakov M.V., Nosov I.A.

This paper examines the concept of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) and its evolution as the interest of monetary authorities and regulators in the phenomenon of digital currencies increases. The purpose of the article is to identify the nature and purpose of central bank digital currencies and their underlying qualities through a comparative analysis of the definitions given to them by researchers and monetary authorities developing them, as well as a quantitative analysis of data on the stages of development of digital currencies by central banks around the world. Drawing on the results of the study, we may conclude that with central banks digital currency projects the concept of digital currency, which previously denoted private electronic currency, as well as the classification of money, has become more complicated; regulators of large economies developing digital currencies of central banks view it primarily as a digital form of national currency, close to the characteristics and purpose of cash, and also that the use of distributed ledger technology is an optional, but quite a common attribute of central bank digital currencies.

Limonov L.E., Stepanova E.S.

During the restructuring of national technological system, the development of innovations is of particular importance. In this regard, it is important to analyze how economic entities and innovative infrastructure cope with changing internal and external conditions, such as the need for import substitution of high-tech products and replenishment of specialists’ outflow from the information technology sector. The key element of the innovation infrastructure is scientific and industrial technology parks. The article examines the features of the Russian model of technoparks, as well as the factors of their success and lag. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors contributing to and hindering the innovation activity of technopark residents. Using statistical data analysis and spatial network analysis, the paper studies the structure and features of the activities of 12 participants in the state program «Creation of high-tech technoparks in the Russian Federation». The study examines such aspects of technoparks’ activity as the specifics of management companies functioning, ownership structure and geographical localization of resident enterprises, the level of integration of scientific and educational organizations. It determines the results of technoparks activity in the context of long-term effects for the innovation development at regional level. The findings indicate insufficient elaboration of approaches to support collaborative activities between residents, which is an important condition for effective innovation exchange. The results of the study can be used in the development and adjustment of government programs to support the innovation sector.

Zubarev A.V., Motyakina Y.P.

The paper examines the impact of priority development areas (PDA) on economic diversification of Russia's cities. The research question of the work is this: has the creation of priority development areas contributed to a decrease in the share of employees in the city-forming enterprise and an increase in the number of operating firms? The main data sources are EMISS and SPARK-Interfax. The sample covers data from 279 cities for the period from 2015 to 2021. Since cities received PDA status in different years, the method of difference in differences with multiple periods is applied alongside panel matching. The work tests two main hypotheses. First, single-industry towns with PDA status show a decrease in the share of city-forming enterprise in the employment of population compared to towns without PDA status. Second, assigning a PDA status to a single-industry town ensures a significant increase in the number of operating enterprises. The findings reveal that assignment of priority development area status doesn’t reduce the share of workers in city-forming enterprise among the employed in a single-industry town, but significantly increases the number of existing firms (in the year of assignment of PDA status, the number of existing firms grows by 2–4 % and in two years by more than 8%.

Napolskikh D.L.

The article aims at clarifying the concept, attributes and approaches to the classification of innovation clusters. The purpose of the study is to adapt the concept of an innovation cluster to modern conditions of the Russian economy in the context of global trends in digital transformation. The methodological basis of the work is the analysis of current scientific research on forming and developing innovative clusters, and the regulatory framework of cluster policy in Russia and abroad. It is determined that to date, Russian legal framework does not contain a definition and classification of innovation clusters corresponding to modern conceptual approaches to clustering innovative production. Drawing on the systematized theoretical approaches to the economic essence of innovation clusters, the authors identify four groups of their attributes: scientific and technological, organizational, operational, and economic and geographical features. Ten pairs of opposite characteristics of the innovation cluster are given, the combination of which determines the dialectical nature of its development. The existing criteria for cluster classification are systematized, clarified and supplemented, additional classification criteria are proposed. It is concluded that innovation clusters differ from other types of clusters not only by the integration of high-tech production and generation of innovative technologies, but also by a special nature of participants network interactions in the framework of joint innovation projects. A model of the ratio of different types of clusters is proposed based on the following factors of clustering of production in conditions of digital economy: spatial concentration of production, institutional environment, innovative business networks and digital environment. The authors propose an innovative hypercluster model as a separate type of clusters, combining interdimensional and multilevel approaches to cluster development. The definition of an innovative hypercluster is given, the potential effects and directions of practical application of this model are determined. The results of the work contribute to the development of the cluster concept and the theoretical foundations of cluster policy implementation.