Current Climate Change Reports

Desai J.P.

A groundbreaking development in the energy industry, smart grid uses technology to advance the sustainability, dependability, and effectiveness of the power grid. In-depth study of smart grids’ components and effects on energy management are covered in this chapter along with an examination of its many facets. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Volt/VAR Management (VVM) systems, and Outage Management Systems (OMS) are important components of smart grid described in this chapter. Smart meters, communication networks, and data management are all integrated by AMI, allowing utilities and customers to communicate with each other in two directions. To expedite outage response, prioritization, and crew assignments, OMS integrates real-time network data with predictive capabilities. By adjusting voltage levels, VVM improves efficiency, reduces peak load, and promotes energy saving. The chapter also emphasizes the interdependence of smart grids, true online Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), and direct current (DC) schemes, as well as Power Quality Analyzers (PQAs), which are solutions for reducing voltage sag. These methods increase the grid’s resistance to voltage drops, which is essential for maintaining power quality. The chapter provides extensive strategy for multi-energy management of smart home. In the end, pilot smart grid projects are discussed and challenges of smart grid are summarized.

Ahmad F., Alsenani T.R., Bilal M., Nizami T.K.

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates a substantial increase in energy supply to meet the growing demand. Additionally, the transportation industry is a significant source of harmful emissions, such as SO2 and CO2. Therefore, the national grid must consistently provide a large amount of electricity to support the increasing load from EVs. This study explores the deployment of a renewable-based energy system, incorporating solar panels, wind turbines, and battery energy storage, to charge EVs in the Noida region. A technical and economic analysis was conducted for various combinations of these integrated energy system components. The primary goal is to determine the optimal sizing of system components to minimize energy costs and reduce the likelihood of power outages. To achieve these objectives, a novel metaheuristic-based optimization algorithm called the Giza Pyramid Algorithm is utilized. This investigation considers both the total net present cost and the renewable energy portion to optimize the component sizes. Simulation results demonstrate that the Giza Pyramid Construction Algorithm (GPCA) meets the desired objectives with high accuracy and resilience. The study also examines the impact of different grid purchase prices on the levelized cost of electricity. Findings reveal that the solar/wind/battery combination significantly reduces the levelized cost of energy and overall net present cost compared to other options.

Karunakar Rao B.K.

Efficient and reliable EV charging systems are crucial for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. High-efficiency power converters are essential to minimize energy losses and maximize charging speed. Effective thermal management is critical to dissipate heat generated during the charging process, ensuring the long-term reliability and safety of charging infrastructure. Understanding these fundamental aspects is vital for designing and deploying efficient, robust, and sustainable EV charging solutions.

Kundu S., Giri A.K., Singh M., Singh S.

The transportation sector emits a substantial quantity of carbon dioxide and substances into the atmosphere across the world. The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has the potential to significantly cut $${\text{co}}_{2}$$ emissions while also providing essential storage of energy to contribute to the acceptance of distributed renewable energy sources (RESs). This chapter presents the development of a hybrid isolated microgrid (MG) system based on the Intelligent Generalized Maximum Versoria Criterion Filtering (IGMVCF) control algorithm (Badoni et al. in CSEE J. Power Energy Syst. 9:722–732, 2023 [1]). This system is used for charging several batteries and supplying electricity to single-phase loads in remote places. This study presents a concept and approach for promoting EV adoption through automated battery swapping at charging stations. In addition, the proposed IGMVCF control with VSC preserves power quality (PQ), load balance, and power support under dynamic conditions. The proposed approach offers unique approaches to some of the most essential issues facing adoption of EV today, including range anxiety, battery swapping with zero waiting periods, and cost.

Mohini, Chauhan K., Chauhan R.K.

This chapter proposes an on-grid solar-based smart DC electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) to minimize overload on the utility grid and enhance efficiency. The EVCS uses solar power to charge EVs, avoiding grid consumption during peak hours and reducing the load on the utility by relying on renewable energy. This work proposes a system with a common DC bus connected to a solar PV array via a DC-DC boost converter, utilizing a fuzzy logic-based MPPT technique to maximize solar panel output power. A single-phase grid is also connected to the common DC bus through a single-phase full-bridge inverter with bidirectional power flow, and this inverter is controlled by the current control method using the d-q framework. The DC bus is connected to the grid via a bidirectional single-phase full-bridge inverter. This inverter, controlled by the current control method using the d-q framework, manages power flow effectively in both directions. An LCL filter is employed to minimize harmonics in the system. Additionally, an EV battery is integrated via a bidirectional DC-DC converter to stabilize the bus voltage, with control provided by a voltage controller. This multimode EV charging station, powered by renewable energy, can significantly promote the adoption of electric vehicles and lower the cost per unit of charging, supporting a more sustainable and cost-effective approach to EV infrastructure.

Singh S.

The challenges and impact of incorporating RES and EVCS into distribution grid systems are investigated. It emphasizes the significance of this integration for modernizing the energy system and achieving environmental objectives. In addition to general performance measures and compatibility concerns, the investigation explores the particular challenges that on-grid power structures suffer. It provides a thorough examination of the characteristics of several renewable energy sources hybrid systems, along with innovations in solar, wind, battery, and biomass technologies. Consequently, due to the growing variety of EVs, the transportation sector is presently shifting away from oil-powered vehicles. The increasing adoption of EVs has led to the development of EVCS. Unplanned EVCS deployments may cause issues with the distribution system, including higher power losses and the worst voltage profile. As a result, both the integration of RES and EVCS must be arranged on the distribution system in the best possible location. This study proposes a conventional approach to integrating RES and EVCS adoption in distribution systems. The appropriate buses are added to the radial distribution system after the three radial distribution system zones are identified using the voltage deviation criterion. The voltage deviation, power loss, and reliability indices comparative results for the IEEE 33 bus system are presented in this chapter.

Jain P., Tandon A., Bansal R.C.

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, addressing the critical challenges of carbon emissions reduction and reducing dependence on fossil fuels in the transportation sector. It begins with an overview of RES, including their types, characteristics, and current utilization in the energy sector. Subsequently, the chapter delves into the intricacies of EV charging infrastructure, discussing various station types and associated challenges. It then explores the integration of RES into EV charging systems, highlighting the benefits such as emissions reduction and considerations like grid stability. Technological advancements and case studies are presented to illustrate successful implementations of RES-EV charging systems. Additionally, the chapter examines the challenges and opportunities in this domain, including technical solutions, economic viability, policy frameworks, and grid integration strategies. Furthermore, future trends and research directions are discussed to promote sustainability and resilience in the transportation sector. The chapter underscores the significance of RES-EV integration in achieving environmental goals and concludes with recommendations for stakeholders and policymakers to advance this integration further.

Mohanty P.K., Pradhan R., Jena P., Padhy N.P.

The shift to electric vehicles (EVs) marks a crucial transformation in the transportation sector, driven by the pressing need to lower greenhouse gas emissions, improve energy efficiency, and promote sustainable urban mobility. This chapter offers a comprehensive introduction to the world of electric vehicles, addressing key aspects critical to understanding their role and impact. We start by examining the different types of electric vehicles, such as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), each offering distinct features and advantages. The discussion then moves to the compelling need for EVs, underscoring environmental benefits, energy security, and economic advantages. Challenges and opportunities inherent in the adoption of EVs are thoroughly examined. This includes technological hurdles such as battery performance and range anxiety, infrastructure development, and market acceptance. Conversely, opportunities such as advancements in battery technology, renewable energy integration, and government incentives are highlighted as driving forces behind EV adoption. The chapter also delves into EV policies, examining global and regional frameworks that support EV growth. Policies promoting research and development, infrastructure investments, and consumer incentives are discussed to provide a comprehensive view of the regulatory landscape. An in-depth look at the EV ecosystem is presented, emphasizing the interconnected elements necessary for a sustainable EV market. This includes manufacturing, supply chains, charging infrastructure, and grid integration. The concept of smart charging is introduced, detailing its significance in optimizing energy consumption, reducing costs, and supporting grid stability through technologies like Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and demand response. In conclusion, this chapter provides a foundational understanding of electric vehicles, highlighting their transformative potential in achieving a sustainable future. Through a holistic approach, readers are equipped with insights into the multifaceted dimensions of EVs, paving the way for informed discussions and future innovations in this dynamic field.

Kanojia S.S., Suthar B.N., Giri A.K., Singh M.

The global electric vehicle (EV) market is rapidly developing as many people choose EVs over conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Despite this transformation, there are still concerns regarding EV adoption due to perceived limitations in rapid charging technology and infrastructure. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of various elements of EV charging with the goal of addressing these concerns. It begins with examining different charging types, standards, levels, modes, and topologies utilized in EV charging systems. Understanding these components is crucial as they influence the efficiency, speed, and compatibility of charging solutions available to consumers and businesses alike. Furthermore, the article examines the current state of EV charging infrastructure, focusing on existing types and their geographic distribution. It also addresses the barriers to widespread EV adoption, such as the need for more robust and accessible charging networks. The EVCS impact with and without DG is tested in IEEE 33 bus distribution system which shows inclusion of DG with EVCS will increase the voltage stability and reduce the losses of the system. At last, the paper identifies potential future developments that could significantly enhance EV adoption rates. These include advancements in fast charging technologies, improvements in charging infrastructure deployment, and the integration of smart grid solutions to optimize energy usage and distribution.

Mohanty P.K., Pradhan R., Jena P., Padhy N.P.

Building a strong electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure is fundamental to achieving widespread EV adoption and advancing the transition to sustainable transportation. This chapter delivers a thorough and detailed exploration of the key elements of EV infrastructure that are vital for accommodating the rising demand for electric mobility. We start by outlining the fundamental components of EV charging infrastructure, such as charging stations, connectors, and the interface with the electrical grid. The chapter then delves into the challenges and opportunities inherent in the development of EV infrastructure, including technological innovations, cost implications, and the incorporation of renewable energy sources. A comprehensive overview of the architectural frameworks for EV charging infrastructure is presented, highlighting the design principles and strategies for efficient and scalable infrastructure deployment. Various charging methods are discussed, ranging from slow and fast charging to ultra-fast and rapid charging, along with the technical specifications and standards that guide their implementation. The chapter delves into the global and Indian landscape of EV chargers, providing insights into the types and distribution of chargers worldwide and within India. The role of software application interfaces in managing and optimizing charging infrastructure is also explored, emphasizing the importance of interoperability and user-friendly design. Innovative solutions like battery swapping and wireless charging are examined for their potential to address specific challenges in EV infrastructure. Additionally, the chapter covers the role and strategies of charging point operators (CPOs) globally and across India, highlighting best practices and business models that facilitate the efficient operation of charging networks. In conclusion, this chapter offers a holistic view of the EV infrastructure ecosystem, addressing the multifaceted challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. By understanding the components, architecture, and global practices, stakeholders can better navigate the complexities of EV infrastructure development and contribute to a sustainable and efficient transportation future.

Patel B.M., Patel N.R., Mokariya K.L., Patel K.I.

The emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is one of the main issues the world is currently dealing with. One of the primary causes of greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation industry is oil-powered vehicles. The development of electric vehicles has recently been the primary focus of international research efforts to meet the permitted GHG limits. As the chapter title suggests the book chapter mainly focuses on challenges to EV adoption economic, Environmental, Technological, etc. with recent advancements and future forecasting sales market in India.

Gupta M., Singh P.

With the growing need for eco-friendly transportation, the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has sparked a search for innovative charging approaches. This study aims to overcome the limitations of traditional charging methods by introducing a dynamic wireless charging (DWC) system integrated into roadways. The core of this solution involves creating a dedicated charging lane within the road, coupled with the integration of solar panels to not only generate clean energy but also mitigate potential road overheating issues, enabling EVs to recharge while on the move. Spanning a few kilometers and strategically placed after particular distances, these charging lanes offer a robust solution to the evolving energy needs of EVs. The functionality of this system relies on wireless power transfer principles, carefully aligned with the physics of electromagnetic fields. This novel approach marks a significant stride toward sustainable and time-efficient transportation infrastructure.

Harini R., Indhira K., Thillaigovindan N.

This work investigates a bulk arrival retrial queueing model that offers multi-phases of heterogeneous service. Moreover, as soon as the orbit becomes empty, the server goes on a Bernoulli working vacation (BWV), where it works at a lower speed. At certain times, consumers are also permitted to balk and renege. Further, the busy server may experience a failure at any time. Here the supplementary variable approach has been incorporated in order to derive the probability generating function (PGF) of the number of clients in the system as well as in the orbit. The impact of particular parameters on the system’s overall performance has been demonstrated with the aid of a few numerical examples. Finally, this research is accelerated in order to bring about the best possible (optimal) cost for the system by adopting a range of optimization approaches namely particle swarm optimization (PSO), artificial bee colony (ABC), grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and differential evolution (DE).

Serpa C., Buescu J.

The Living Planet Index (LPI) is a global index which measures the state of the world’s biodiversity. Analyzing the LPI solely by statistical trends provides, however, limited insight. Fractal Regression Analysis is a recently developed tool that has been successfully applied in multidisciplinary scientific contexts for time series analysis. This method is based on the construction of a fractal function tailored to the dataset from which directional coefficients, representing trends, and fractal coefficients, representing oscillations, may be computed. These coefficients allow us to classify the world’s regions according to the progression of the LPI, helping us to identify and mathematically characterize the region of Latin America and Caribbean and the category of freshwater as worst-case scenarios with respect to the evolution of biodiversity.

Golmankhaneh A.K., Tejado I., Sevli H., Napoles J.

This chapter delves into the realm of initial value problems in fractal delay equations, offering a comprehensive exploration of their mathematical properties and solution methodologies. Fractal delay equations play a crucial role in modeling systems with fractal time and intricate delay dynamics, making them indispensable tools in various scientific and engineering disciplines. The chapters in this book are organized to provide a systematic understanding of initial value problems in fractal delay equations. We begin by establishing the theoretical foundations, discussing the fundamental concepts of fractal calculus, and elucidating the mathematical properties of fractal delay equations.