Open Access
Open access

Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Emerald
Emerald
ISSN: 23987812, 20711395

Are you a researcher?

Create a profile to get free access to personal recommendations for colleagues and new articles.
WOS
Q2
Impact factor
3.8
Years of issue
2024-2025
journal names
Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
ASIA PAC J INNOV ENT
Publications
179
Citations
3 432
h-index
33
Publications
94
Citations
3 171
Top-3 citing journals
Top-3 organizations
Keimyung University
Keimyung University (9 publications)
COMSATS University Islamabad
COMSATS University Islamabad (5 publications)
Top-3 countries
China (12 publications)
United Kingdom (3 publications)
France (2 publications)
China (12 publications)
United Kingdom (3 publications)
France (2 publications)

Most cited in 5 years

Found 
Found 

Top-100

Citing journals

50
100
150
200
250
Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
246 citations, 7.17%
Sustainability
97 citations, 2.83%
Cogent Business and Management
70 citations, 2.04%
International Journal of Management Education
55 citations, 1.6%
Frontiers in Psychology
53 citations, 1.54%
Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies
33 citations, 0.96%
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
33 citations, 0.96%
Administrative Sciences
30 citations, 0.87%
SAGE Open
29 citations, 0.84%
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal
27 citations, 0.79%
Journal of the Knowledge Economy
27 citations, 0.79%
SSRN Electronic Journal
24 citations, 0.7%
Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research
21 citations, 0.61%
International Journal of Innovation Science
20 citations, 0.58%
Journal of Enterprising Communities
20 citations, 0.58%
Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity
20 citations, 0.58%
Handbook of Research on Global Business Opportunities
19 citations, 0.55%
Education and Training
18 citations, 0.52%
F1000Research
18 citations, 0.52%
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development
17 citations, 0.5%
Social Enterprise Journal
17 citations, 0.5%
Management Decision
17 citations, 0.5%
Handbook of Research on In-Country Determinants and Implications of Foreign Land Acquisitions
17 citations, 0.5%
Journal of Business Research
16 citations, 0.47%
Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management
16 citations, 0.47%
Journal of Social Entrepreneurship
16 citations, 0.47%
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research
15 citations, 0.44%
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
15 citations, 0.44%
Heliyon
15 citations, 0.44%
PLoS ONE
15 citations, 0.44%
Entrepreneurship Education
15 citations, 0.44%
Journal of Islamic Marketing
14 citations, 0.41%
Problems and Perspectives in Management
14 citations, 0.41%
European Journal of Innovation Management
14 citations, 0.41%
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
13 citations, 0.38%
Technological Forecasting and Social Change
12 citations, 0.35%
Journal of Law and Sustainable Development
12 citations, 0.35%
Industry and Higher Education
11 citations, 0.32%
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
11 citations, 0.32%
Cogent Education
11 citations, 0.32%
Benchmarking
11 citations, 0.32%
Kybernetes
11 citations, 0.32%
IEEE Access
11 citations, 0.32%
Remodelling Businesses for Sustainable Development
11 citations, 0.32%
Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy
10 citations, 0.29%
Business Process Management Journal
10 citations, 0.29%
Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing
10 citations, 0.29%
Journal of Entrepreneurship
10 citations, 0.29%
Social Sciences & Humanities Open
10 citations, 0.29%
International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478)
10 citations, 0.29%
Outsourcing Management for Supply Chain Operations and Logistics Service
10 citations, 0.29%
Entrepreneurship Research Journal
9 citations, 0.26%
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
9 citations, 0.26%
E3S Web of Conferences
9 citations, 0.26%
African Journal of Economic and Management Studies
9 citations, 0.26%
WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development
9 citations, 0.26%
Environment, Development and Sustainability
9 citations, 0.26%
International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management
9 citations, 0.26%
International Journal of Organizational Analysis
8 citations, 0.23%
Journal of African Business
8 citations, 0.23%
Journal of the International Council for Small Business
8 citations, 0.23%
The Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management
8 citations, 0.23%
International Journal of Innovation Studies
8 citations, 0.23%
Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development
8 citations, 0.23%
Journal of Innovation and Knowledge
7 citations, 0.2%
IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management
7 citations, 0.2%
Business Strategy and the Environment
7 citations, 0.2%
International Journal of Ethics and Systems
7 citations, 0.2%
Procedia Computer Science
7 citations, 0.2%
Technology Analysis and Strategic Management
7 citations, 0.2%
Journal of Risk and Financial Management
7 citations, 0.2%
Small Enterprise Research
7 citations, 0.2%
Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences
7 citations, 0.2%
Journal of Cleaner Production
6 citations, 0.17%
Education Sciences
6 citations, 0.17%
Studies in Systems, Decision and Control
6 citations, 0.17%
Social Sciences
6 citations, 0.17%
Economies
6 citations, 0.17%
World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development
6 citations, 0.17%
International Journal of Bank Marketing
6 citations, 0.17%
Current Psychology
6 citations, 0.17%
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services
6 citations, 0.17%
Contributions to Management Science
6 citations, 0.17%
British Food Journal
6 citations, 0.17%
RAE Revista de Administracao de Empresas
6 citations, 0.17%
Sustainable Development
6 citations, 0.17%
WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics
6 citations, 0.17%
AIP Conference Proceedings
6 citations, 0.17%
Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights
6 citations, 0.17%
Revista de Administração Contemporânea
6 citations, 0.17%
Journal of Intellectual Capital
5 citations, 0.15%
Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism
5 citations, 0.15%
Annals of Operations Research
5 citations, 0.15%
African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development
5 citations, 0.15%
Global Business and Organizational Excellence
5 citations, 0.15%
International Journal of Emerging Markets
5 citations, 0.15%
Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning
5 citations, 0.15%
Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies
5 citations, 0.15%
Quality and Quantity
5 citations, 0.15%
Industrial Marketing Management
5 citations, 0.15%
50
100
150
200
250

Citing publishers

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Emerald
964 citations, 28.09%
Springer Nature
480 citations, 13.99%
Elsevier
376 citations, 10.96%
Taylor & Francis
321 citations, 9.35%
MDPI
223 citations, 6.5%
SAGE
142 citations, 4.14%
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
141 citations, 4.11%
IGI Global
130 citations, 3.79%
Wiley
101 citations, 2.94%
Frontiers Media S.A.
73 citations, 2.13%
Walter de Gruyter
41 citations, 1.19%
World Scientific
25 citations, 0.73%
LLC CPC Business Perspectives
23 citations, 0.67%
World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS)
19 citations, 0.55%
F1000 Research
18 citations, 0.52%
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
17 citations, 0.5%
Virtus Interpress
16 citations, 0.47%
South Florida Publishing LLC
14 citations, 0.41%
Center for Strategic Studies in Business and Finance SSBFNET
14 citations, 0.41%
EDP Sciences
13 citations, 0.38%
Social Science Electronic Publishing
13 citations, 0.38%
IOP Publishing
12 citations, 0.35%
AOSIS
12 citations, 0.35%
SciELO
11 citations, 0.32%
AIP Publishing
10 citations, 0.29%
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
10 citations, 0.29%
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
10 citations, 0.29%
Hindawi Limited
9 citations, 0.26%
Apex Publishing
9 citations, 0.26%
CAIRN
8 citations, 0.23%
Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Escola de Administracao de Empresas de Sao Paulo
6 citations, 0.17%
IntechOpen
6 citations, 0.17%
Innovative Scholars and Researchers Alliance
5 citations, 0.15%
Cambridge University Press
4 citations, 0.12%
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
4 citations, 0.12%
Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES)
4 citations, 0.12%
Knowledge E DMCC
4 citations, 0.12%
Modestum Ltd
4 citations, 0.12%
Research Square Platform LLC
4 citations, 0.12%
Alexandru Ioan Cuza - University of Iasi
3 citations, 0.09%
Academic Journals
3 citations, 0.09%
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
3 citations, 0.09%
JMIR Publications
3 citations, 0.09%
Oxford University Press
2 citations, 0.06%
Ural Federal University
2 citations, 0.06%
Korea Distribution Science Association (KODISA)
2 citations, 0.06%
Middle Tennessee State University
2 citations, 0.06%
Oxford Brookes University
2 citations, 0.06%
Moscow Polytechnic University
2 citations, 0.06%
Scientific Research Publishing
2 citations, 0.06%
Hans Publishers
2 citations, 0.06%
Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences
2 citations, 0.06%
AMO Publisher
2 citations, 0.06%
IMR Press
1 citation, 0.03%
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
1 citation, 0.03%
Trans Tech Publications
1 citation, 0.03%
Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1 citation, 0.03%
American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)
1 citation, 0.03%
European Academy of Management and Business Economics
1 citation, 0.03%
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
1 citation, 0.03%
1 citation, 0.03%
Editura ASE Bucuresti
1 citation, 0.03%
Academic Publication Council - Kuwait University
1 citation, 0.03%
Universidad del Zulia
1 citation, 0.03%
Editura Economica
1 citation, 0.03%
Gyandhara International Academic Publications
1 citation, 0.03%
Mackenzie Presbyterian University
1 citation, 0.03%
Kiel Institute for the World Economy
1 citation, 0.03%
National Cheng Kung University
1 citation, 0.03%
Borsa Istanbul Anonim Sirketi
1 citation, 0.03%
Eurasian Society of Educational Research
1 citation, 0.03%
Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University
1 citation, 0.03%
Sumy State University
1 citation, 0.03%
International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences (IJMEMS)
1 citation, 0.03%
Society for Personality Research
1 citation, 0.03%
Institut de Sciences Mathematiques et Economiques Appliquees
1 citation, 0.03%
Medknow
1 citation, 0.03%
Publishing House Finance and Credit
1 citation, 0.03%
A and V Publications
1 citation, 0.03%
International Association for Digital Transformation and Technological Innovation
1 citation, 0.03%
Cognizant, LLC
1 citation, 0.03%
Brieflands
1 citation, 0.03%
Intellect
1 citation, 0.03%
Universitas Gadjah Mada
1 citation, 0.03%
Journal of Contemporary Management
1 citation, 0.03%
Tech Science Press
1 citation, 0.03%
National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA)
1 citation, 0.03%
Duzce Universitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi
1 citation, 0.03%
Publishing House Helvetica (Publications)
1 citation, 0.03%
Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association
1 citation, 0.03%
Saint-Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics - UMTE
1 citation, 0.03%
Turan University
1 citation, 0.03%
Yonetim ve Ekonomi
1 citation, 0.03%
Publishing Agency Science and Education
1 citation, 0.03%
Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli Universitesi SBE Dergisi
1 citation, 0.03%
Pamukkale Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi
1 citation, 0.03%
Srinivas University
1 citation, 0.03%
Turk Tarim ve Doga Bilimleri Dergisi
1 citation, 0.03%
Irish Accounting and Finance Association
1 citation, 0.03%
Centre of Sociological Research, NGO
1 citation, 0.03%
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

Publishing organizations

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Keimyung University
9 publications, 5.03%
University of Malaysia Kelantan
7 publications, 3.91%
COMSATS University Islamabad
5 publications, 2.79%
Konkuk University
5 publications, 2.79%
Makerere University
4 publications, 2.23%
University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City
3 publications, 1.68%
South China Normal University
3 publications, 1.68%
Yonsei University
3 publications, 1.68%
University of Nottingham Ningbo China
3 publications, 1.68%
Kumasi Technical University
3 publications, 1.68%
National University of Sciences & Technology
2 publications, 1.12%
Iqra University
2 publications, 1.12%
University of Lahore
2 publications, 1.12%
University of Kashmir
2 publications, 1.12%
Adana Alparslan Türkeş University of Science and Technology
2 publications, 1.12%
National Economics University
2 publications, 1.12%
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
2 publications, 1.12%
Fudan University
2 publications, 1.12%
Petronas University of Technology
2 publications, 1.12%
Radboud University Nijmegen
2 publications, 1.12%
University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus
2 publications, 1.12%
UCSI University
2 publications, 1.12%
Northern University of Malaysia
2 publications, 1.12%
Shanghai University
2 publications, 1.12%
IPB University
2 publications, 1.12%
University of Nigeria
2 publications, 1.12%
Dongguk University
2 publications, 1.12%
Soongsil University
2 publications, 1.12%
Wenzhou–Kean University
2 publications, 1.12%
Seoul Women's University
2 publications, 1.12%
University of Santo Tomas, Philippines
2 publications, 1.12%
Takoradi Technical University
2 publications, 1.12%
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
2 publications, 1.12%
Taiz University
2 publications, 1.12%
Tunis El Manar University
2 publications, 1.12%
Lebanese International University (Yemen)
2 publications, 1.12%
University of Tehran
1 publication, 0.56%
Ege University
1 publication, 0.56%
Istanbul University
1 publication, 0.56%
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
1 publication, 0.56%
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
1 publication, 0.56%
University of the Punjab
1 publication, 0.56%
Bahria University
1 publication, 0.56%
Hazara University
1 publication, 0.56%
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
1 publication, 0.56%
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
1 publication, 0.56%
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
1 publication, 0.56%
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
1 publication, 0.56%
Aligarh Muslim University
1 publication, 0.56%
Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Karachi
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Agriculture, Peshawar
1 publication, 0.56%
Beijing Normal University
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
1 publication, 0.56%
National Institute of Science Education and Research
1 publication, 0.56%
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education
1 publication, 0.56%
Yazd University
1 publication, 0.56%
Zhejiang University
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
1 publication, 0.56%
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
1 publication, 0.56%
Jain University
1 publication, 0.56%
Tongji University
1 publication, 0.56%
University College of Medical Sciences
1 publication, 0.56%
American University of the Middle East
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Malaya
1 publication, 0.56%
University Putra Malaysia
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Science, Malaysia
1 publication, 0.56%
Western Galilee College
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Malaysia Sabah
1 publication, 0.56%
Multimedia University
1 publication, 0.56%
Al-Balqa Applied University
1 publication, 0.56%
Nankai University
1 publication, 0.56%
Yanshan University
1 publication, 0.56%
Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology
1 publication, 0.56%
Beijing International Studies University
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Science and Technology Beijing
1 publication, 0.56%
Mutah University
1 publication, 0.56%
East China Normal University
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Nizwa
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Antwerp
1 publication, 0.56%
Xi'an Jiaotong–Liverpool University
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Nottingham
1 publication, 0.56%
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1 publication, 0.56%
Loughborough University
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Southampton
1 publication, 0.56%
Dongbei University of Finance and Economics
1 publication, 0.56%
Hefei University of Technology
1 publication, 0.56%
Yale University
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Stavanger
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
1 publication, 0.56%
Shandong Technology and Business University
1 publication, 0.56%
Linyi University
1 publication, 0.56%
Massey University
1 publication, 0.56%
North-West University
1 publication, 0.56%
Brawijaya University
1 publication, 0.56%
Udayana University
1 publication, 0.56%
University of Lagos
1 publication, 0.56%
Ebonyi State University
1 publication, 0.56%
Thammasat University
1 publication, 0.56%
Benson Idahosa University
1 publication, 0.56%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Publishing organizations in 5 years

1
2
3
South China Normal University
3 publications, 3.19%
Makerere University
3 publications, 3.19%
University of Nottingham Ningbo China
3 publications, 3.19%
Iqra University
2 publications, 2.13%
National Economics University
2 publications, 2.13%
Fudan University
2 publications, 2.13%
Petronas University of Technology
2 publications, 2.13%
Radboud University Nijmegen
2 publications, 2.13%
University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus
2 publications, 2.13%
Northern University of Malaysia
2 publications, 2.13%
Shanghai University
2 publications, 2.13%
University of Tehran
1 publication, 1.06%
Istanbul University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of the Punjab
1 publication, 1.06%
Hazara University
1 publication, 1.06%
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
1 publication, 1.06%
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Kashmir
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Karachi
1 publication, 1.06%
Beijing Normal University
1 publication, 1.06%
National Institute of Science Education and Research
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City
1 publication, 1.06%
Zhejiang University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
1 publication, 1.06%
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
1 publication, 1.06%
Tongji University
1 publication, 1.06%
American University of the Middle East
1 publication, 1.06%
University Putra Malaysia
1 publication, 1.06%
Western Galilee College
1 publication, 1.06%
Yanshan University
1 publication, 1.06%
Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology
1 publication, 1.06%
Beijing International Studies University
1 publication, 1.06%
Mutah University
1 publication, 1.06%
East China Normal University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Nizwa
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Antwerp
1 publication, 1.06%
Xi'an Jiaotong–Liverpool University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Nottingham
1 publication, 1.06%
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1 publication, 1.06%
Loughborough University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Southampton
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Stavanger
1 publication, 1.06%
Shandong Technology and Business University
1 publication, 1.06%
North-West University
1 publication, 1.06%
IPB University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Nigeria
1 publication, 1.06%
Ebonyi State University
1 publication, 1.06%
Thammasat University
1 publication, 1.06%
Obafemi Awolowo University
1 publication, 1.06%
Kyambogo University
1 publication, 1.06%
Ewha Womans University
1 publication, 1.06%
Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
1 publication, 1.06%
Yunnan University
1 publication, 1.06%
Simon Fraser University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Duisburg-Essen
1 publication, 1.06%
Addis Ababa University
1 publication, 1.06%
Leeds Trinity University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Tokyo
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Beira Interior
1 publication, 1.06%
AGH University of Krakow
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Exeter
1 publication, 1.06%
Taiz University
1 publication, 1.06%
University of Kent
1 publication, 1.06%
Universidade Federal do Ceará
1 publication, 1.06%
Universidade Federal do Cariri
1 publication, 1.06%
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
1 publication, 1.06%
Université Paris 8 Vincennes - Saint-Denis
1 publication, 1.06%
Universidade Estadual do Ceará
1 publication, 1.06%
Lebanese International University (Yemen)
1 publication, 1.06%
Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike
1 publication, 1.06%
Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences
1 publication, 1.06%
1
2
3

Publishing countries

2
4
6
8
10
12
China, 12, 6.7%
China
12 publications, 6.7%
United Kingdom, 3, 1.68%
United Kingdom
3 publications, 1.68%
France, 2, 1.12%
France
2 publications, 1.12%
USA, 2, 1.12%
USA
2 publications, 1.12%
Malaysia, 2, 1.12%
Malaysia
2 publications, 1.12%
Nigeria, 2, 1.12%
Nigeria
2 publications, 1.12%
Pakistan, 2, 1.12%
Pakistan
2 publications, 1.12%
Belgium, 1, 0.56%
Belgium
1 publication, 0.56%
Vietnam, 1, 0.56%
Vietnam
1 publication, 0.56%
Israel, 1, 0.56%
Israel
1 publication, 0.56%
Yemen, 1, 0.56%
Yemen
1 publication, 0.56%
Canada, 1, 0.56%
Canada
1 publication, 0.56%
Kuwait, 1, 0.56%
Kuwait
1 publication, 0.56%
Netherlands, 1, 0.56%
Netherlands
1 publication, 0.56%
Norway, 1, 0.56%
Norway
1 publication, 0.56%
Poland, 1, 0.56%
Poland
1 publication, 0.56%
Republic of Korea, 1, 0.56%
Republic of Korea
1 publication, 0.56%
Uganda, 1, 0.56%
Uganda
1 publication, 0.56%
Japan, 1, 0.56%
Japan
1 publication, 0.56%
2
4
6
8
10
12

Publishing countries in 5 years

2
4
6
8
10
12
China, 12, 12.77%
China
12 publications, 12.77%
United Kingdom, 3, 3.19%
United Kingdom
3 publications, 3.19%
France, 2, 2.13%
France
2 publications, 2.13%
Malaysia, 2, 2.13%
Malaysia
2 publications, 2.13%
Nigeria, 2, 2.13%
Nigeria
2 publications, 2.13%
Pakistan, 2, 2.13%
Pakistan
2 publications, 2.13%
USA, 1, 1.06%
USA
1 publication, 1.06%
Belgium, 1, 1.06%
Belgium
1 publication, 1.06%
Vietnam, 1, 1.06%
Vietnam
1 publication, 1.06%
Israel, 1, 1.06%
Israel
1 publication, 1.06%
Yemen, 1, 1.06%
Yemen
1 publication, 1.06%
Canada, 1, 1.06%
Canada
1 publication, 1.06%
Kuwait, 1, 1.06%
Kuwait
1 publication, 1.06%
Netherlands, 1, 1.06%
Netherlands
1 publication, 1.06%
Norway, 1, 1.06%
Norway
1 publication, 1.06%
Poland, 1, 1.06%
Poland
1 publication, 1.06%
Republic of Korea, 1, 1.06%
Republic of Korea
1 publication, 1.06%
Uganda, 1, 1.06%
Uganda
1 publication, 1.06%
Japan, 1, 1.06%
Japan
1 publication, 1.06%
2
4
6
8
10
12