Current Immunology Reviews

Allergic rhinitis (AR), traditionally considered as a childhood condition, is increasingly recognized among older adults, driven by rising life expectancy and environmental factors. Although allergic sensitization declines with age, AR prevalence in the elderly is underestimated, with 3–12% of geriatric patients affected. Diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific symptoms and overlapping conditions, leading to underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment. AR significantly impacts the quality of life (QoL), often exacerbating respiratory comorbidities like asthma and COPD. Presbynasalis, encompassing age-related sinonasal changes, includes reduced allergic responses, increased chronic rhinosinusitis, altered nasal structure, and impaired mucociliary clearance. Non-allergic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, and overlapping rhinitis further complicate AR diagnosis in the elderly. Effective management involves personalized pharmacotherapy, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), and addressing comorbidities and polypharmacy risks. Despite safety concerns, recent studies demonstrate AIT efficacy in elderly patients, reducing symptoms and medication use. Given AR’s impact on cognitive and respiratory health, accurate diagnosis and treatment can enhance QoL and mitigate health decline. Greater awareness and further research are essential to understand AR prevalence and improve outcomes for geriatric patients.

Background/Objectives: Posture is a significant indicator of health status in older adults. This study aimed to develop an automatic posture assessment tool based on sagittal photographs by validating recognition models using convolutional neural networks. Methods: A total of 9140 images were collected with data augmentation, and each image was labeled as either Ideal or Non-Ideal posture by physical therapists. The hidden and output layers of the models remained unchanged, while the loss function and optimizer were varied to construct four different model configurations: mean squared error and Adam (MSE & Adam), mean squared error and stochastic gradient descent (MSE & SGD), binary cross-entropy and Adam (BCE & Adam), and binary cross-entropy and stochastic gradient descent (BCE & SGD). Results: All four models demonstrated an improved accuracy in both the training and validation phases. However, the two BCE models exhibited divergence in validation loss, suggesting overfitting. Conversely, the two MSE models showed stability during learning. Therefore, we focused on the MSE models and evaluated their reliability using sensitivity, specificity, and Prevalence-Adjusted Bias-Adjusted Kappa (PABAK) based on the model’s output and correct label. Sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 84% for MSE & Adam and 67% and 77% for MSE & SGD, respectively. Moreover, PABAK values for agreement with the correct label were 0.69 and 0.43 for MSE & Adam and MSE & SGD, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the MSE & Adam model, in particular, can serve as a useful tool for screening inspections.

Objective: This scoping review aims to explore and synthesize the core competencies and skills required for primary care nurses conducting comprehensive geriatric assessments. Comprehensive geriatric assessments have become integral to providing holistic, patient-centered care for older adults with complex health needs, but the specific competencies required in primary care remain underresearched. Design: The review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage scoping review framework, incorporating studies from PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. A comprehensive search was conducted from May 2014 to May 2024, and a population–concept–context (PCC) framework was used to identify relevant studies. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, revealing six key competency domains for nurses involved in comprehensive geriatric assessments: Clinical Assessment and Diagnostic Competencies, Care Planning and Coordination, Professional and Interpersonal Competencies, Environmental and Systemic Competencies, Technical and Procedural Competencies, and Quality Improvement and Evidence-Based Practice. These competencies are essential for providing high-quality care to older adults and supporting integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to geriatric care. Conclusions: The identified competency domains provide a structured framework that can enhance primary care nurses’ ability to deliver more effective, individualized, and coordinated care to older adults. However, the standardization of these competencies remains crucial for ensuring consistency in practice.

Background/Objectives: The steady increase in the global older adult population highlights critical challenges, including the development of preventive strategies to extend healthy life expectancy and support independence in activities of daily living. Although there is an aging-related reduction in manual dexterity, the difference in bimanual coordination performance between young and older adults remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate the characteristics of bimanual coordination among young, young-old, and old-old adult participants. Methods: The participants performed in-phase (tapping the thumb and index finger together as fast as possible) and anti-phase (alternating movement between the left and right fingers) bimanual coordination tasks, and intergroup comparison of the task parameters was performed. The receiver operating characteristic curve was also conducted to calculate age cut-off points for bimanual coordination. Results: The number and frequency of taps significantly decreased sequentially in young, young-old, and old-old adults, whereas the average of tap interval significantly increased in this order (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the young-old and old-old groups in the average local maximum distance (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that bimanual coordination task performance varies depending on specific parameters. Furthermore, the age cut-off points for bimanual coordination were determined as 68.5 years for the right-hand number of taps (AUC = 0.73) in the anti-phase task, 73.5 years for the right-hand average of tapping interval (AUC = 0.72) in the anti-phase task, and 65.5 years for the left-hand frequency of taps (AUC = 0.72) of the anti-phase task. Conclusions: the number of taps, average of tapping interval, and frequency of taps are potential indicators of aging-related changes in bimanual coordination.

Objective: The aim of our study was to introduce a Mandarin Chinese version of the oral frailty assessment and explore the relationship between oral frailty and sarcopenia. A total of 409 elders (171 male, 238 female) participated in surveys using the Mandarin Chinese version of the Oral Frailty Index-8 (OFI-8) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Method: The translation of the Mandarin Chinese version of OFI-8 adhered to the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) reporting guidelines. The eight-item questionnaire assessed tooth status, oral function, and other subjective measures. Additionally, sarcopenia was evaluated using the SARC-F questionnaire. Result: Among the participants, 195 participants were classified as non-oral frailty and 214 participants were oral frailty. Significant differences were observed in age, gender, body mass index (BMI), education level, and scores on the SARC-F questionnaire between the non-oral frailty and oral frailty populations. In logistic regression model, oral frailty showed a significant and positive association with the SARC-F score (adjusted odds ratio 2.130, 95% confidence interval 1.580–2.872, p-value < 0.001), even after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and education level. Conclusion: This study has developed a valuable Mandarin Chinese version of the oral frailty screening questionnaire, the OFI-8. Oral frailty is significantly and positively associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia, particularly among the elderly, males, and those with lower education levels. This measure proves to be practical for assessing oral health status in the Chinese community, promoting oral frailty research within the Mandarin Chinese population, and addressing the challenges associated with defining oral frailty in future studies.

(1) Background: The accelerated aging of the population raises concerns about the diet of older adults due to its relationship with health and quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of poor diet quality and its association with sociodemographic factors and health status among older adults residing in the city of Bagé, located in southern Brazil; (2) Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2016/2017 follow-up of the Bagé Aging Cohort Study (SIGa-Bagé). Diet quality was assessed using the Elderly Diet Quality Index. Descriptive analysis and Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment, based on hierarchical levels, were used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals; (3) Results: The sample included 728 older adults (65.7% female; mean age: 77.2 years). Poor diet quality was observed in 41.5% of participants. After adjustment, male sex, black or brown skin color, absence of multimorbidity, and presence of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with poor diet quality; (4) Conclusions: The findings highlight the most vulnerable groups and the need for investments in strategies to promote mental health and healthy eating habits among the older adults, particularly among men and racial minority groups.

Background/Objectives: In older patients, falls constitute a significant public health concern and a major cause of hospital admission. Fall-risk-increasing drugs (FRIDs) represent a key risk factor for falls. Therefore, modifying these drugs represents an important strategy for preventing recurrent falls and further patient harm. The objective of this study was to evaluate a structured interprofessional collaboration between physicians and pharmacists on managing FRIDs in older patients who present to the emergency department (ED) after a fall. Methods: This study was performed in the ED of a tertiary care hospital. Patients who were >65 years old and presented to the ED after a fall were included. A routine care group was included between 1 March 2020 and 31 May 2020. A pharmaceutical care group was included between 1 September 2023 and 30 November 2023. In the pharmaceutical care group, a clinical pharmacist supported the physicians in identifying and managing FRIDs. Possible solutions for improving FRID prescription were discussed interprofessionally. The number of FRIDs at ED admission and discharge, as well as the number of FRID modifications, were evaluated. Results: A total of 107 patients were enrolled in each group. There were 85 patients in the routine care group and 89 patients in the pharmaceutical care group, with at least 1 FRID prescribed at ED admission (p = 0.483). At ED discharge, there were 85 patients in the routine care group and 68 patients in the pharmaceutical care group, with at least 1 FRID prescribed at (p = 0.010). There were seven FRID modifications in the routine care group compared to 125 FRID modifications in the pharmaceutical care group. Conclusions: In this study, the interprofessional collaboration between physicians and pharmacists led to a reduced number of FRIDs being prescribed and more FRID modifications in older patients at ED discharge. Further research is required to ascertain the feasibility of integrating this single intervention into a multifactorial fall prevention program.

Renal aging is a physiological process characterized by structural and functional changes in the kidneys. The presence of disorders or pathologies can exacerbate these age-related changes, potentially leading to organ dysfunction. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a significant global public health issue, is particularly prevalent in the elderly and is often associated with the age-related decline in kidney function. Anemia is one of the most frequent complications of CKD and is also highly prevalent in the elderly. Mild anemia, often multifactorial, is the most common presentation. Understanding the mechanisms driving anemia in this population is crucial to ensure appropriate treatment. The primary etiologies include nutritional deficiency, anemia of unknown cause, and anemia of chronic diseases, including CKD. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying anemia in elderly patients with CKD.

Background/Objectives: Lower-extremity weakness in older adults is often overlooked, yet it can have reversible or medical causes that contribute to increased falls. Common factors include vision disturbances, impaired balance due to otolith dysfunction, arthritis-related immobility, and lower-extremity neuropathy. This case presents a unique diagnostic challenge in evaluating bilateral lower-extremity weakness and recurrent falls in an older adult, highlighting the complexity of diagnosing conditions with overlapping symptoms. Case Presentation: The patient, a woman with a history of a neuroendocrine tumor, experienced progressive weakness in her lower extremities, along with oculomotor and facial muscle involvement, despite extensive testing. Key clinical findings included elevated protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting the possibility of an infectious or autoimmune process. A thorough investigation was conducted, including testing for both common and rare conditions such as Guillain–Barré syndrome, Lyme disease, and tuberculosis. Results: Despite comprehensive diagnostic efforts, no clear etiology was identified. The patient’s condition was eventually considered to be related to carcinomatosis meningoencephalitis, a rare complication from a previous cancer diagnosis. Given the progressive nature of her symptoms and lack of treatment options, she was transitioned to palliative care. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive differential diagnosis in older patients with unexplained weakness and falls. Rare neurological conditions should not be overlooked, even when more common causes are suspected. Clinicians should remain aware that falls and weakness in older adults may stem from various pathologies, some of which are reversible if identified early, and rare causes must always be considered when standard treatments fail.

Objectives: The main objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate if there are significant differences in cognition between a group of older adults with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and cognitively intact controls. Methods: An initial sample of 132 older people underwent an extensive neuropsychological evaluation (memory, executive functions, and language) and were classified according to diagnostic criteria. Two groups of 33 subjects each, controls and SCD, were formed using an a priori case-matching procedures in different variables: age, biological sex, years of education, cognitive reserve, and Mini-Mental State Exam. Results: The mean age and standard deviation in the control group were equal to 70.39 ± 4.31 years, while in the SCD group, they were 70.30 ± 4.33 years. The number of males (n = 9) and females (n = 24) was equal in both groups; the means of years of education were also quite similar. SCD participants have a significantly lower mood than the controls. Significant differences between groups were obtained in delayed recall, inhibitory control, and comprehension of sentences not fitted to canonical word order in Spanish. A logistic regression revealed that a lower score on the Stroop’s interference condition is associated with a higher likelihood of having SCD. Finally, ROC analysis provided a model that performs better than random chance, and a cut-off score in Stroop’s interference condition equal to 49 was suggested for clinically differentiating the two groups. Conclusions: This study highlights that, compared to a matched control group, participants with SCD showed subtle but significant neuropsychological differences.

Purpose: Heart failure (HF) impairs physical performance and increases the incidence of orthostatic hypotension (OH). Individuals with OH have a higher risk of falls, which are a major source of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Dietary protein supplementation can improve physical performance in healthy older adult individuals; however, its effect on OH in older adult patients with HF is unknown. Methods: Twenty-one older adult patients with mild-to-moderate HF were randomized to placebo or protein supplementation. Dietary protein was supplemented with whey protein so the total protein intake for each participant was 1.2 g/kg bodyweight/day, plus 1 g/day of the amino acid l-carnitine for 16 weeks. Susceptibility to OH was assessed using a head-up tilt test, blood markers, and a functional test (6 min walk) at baseline and 16 weeks. Results: There were no differences in tilt test responses or 6 min walk test (6MWT) distances. The protein-supplement group had a significant increase in 6MWT pulse pressures post-walk after 16 weeks of treatment as compared to placebo. However, the tachycardia observed at baseline after 6MWT in the protein group was not seen at the end of the study. There was also a trend towards lower levels of brain naturetic peptide (proBNP) in the protein group vs. placebo at 16 weeks. Conclusions: The improved pulse-pressure response to exertion and positive trends in proBNP in this pilot study suggest that dietary supplementation may improve cardiovascular function and general health in individuals with HF and that larger future studies are justifiable.

Background: This study investigates the relationship between bite force and grip strength as indicators of frailty in older adults. Frailty syndrome, characterized by increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes, poses significant challenges in geriatric care. Objectives: This research builds on previous findings linking oral health to frailty risk, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Methods: A total of 59 older participants, aged 60 years and older, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study conducted at the Egas Moniz School of Health and Science. The participants underwent assessments of bite force using an electric dynamometer and grip strength using a specialized device. Body composition was also measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between bite force and grip strength, even after adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI). Age was significantly correlated with bite and grip force (p < 0.05), while BMI was correlated only with handgrip force but not with bite force (coefficient = −0.047, p = 0.737). Notably, bite force was found to be independent of BMI, unlike grip strength, which is generally influenced by body composition. This independence highlights the potential of bite force as a reliable and distinct marker for frailty that is not confounded by BMI-related factors. This study highlights the importance of oral health in maintaining overall well-being in older adults. Reduced bite force may indicate an increased risk of frailty, which can lead to malnutrition and decreased quality of life. These findings suggest that integrating bite force measurements into clinical assessments may improve the assessment of frailty and inform interventions aimed at improving health outcomes in the older population. Conclusions: This research provides new insights into the association between bite force and grip strength, emphasizing the unique value of bite force as an independent marker of frailty. It advocates for further studies to explore its role in geriatric care strategies.

Background/Objectives: The Rapid Geriatric Assessment (RGA) is a tool designed to screen for frailty, sarcopenia, anorexia related to aging, and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to translate and validate the RGA for use among Italian community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This cross-cultural study involved 100 community-dwelling older adults randomly recruited through convenience sampling from general practitioner offices in Genoa (Italy), between January and June 2019. The RGA includes the Simple FRAIL Questionnaire Screening Tool, SARC-F Screening for Sarcopenia, Simplified Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), and Rapid Cognitive Screening (RCS). These were validated against gold-standard tools: the Abbreviated Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (aCGA) and Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI). Additional assessments included the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Handgrip test. The validation process included forward–backward translation, synthesis, and consensus by independent reviewers. Psychometric properties, internal consistency (Cronbach alpha), and validity correlations were analyzed. Results: The RGA demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties, with internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.59) and significant validity correlations (RGA and aCGA, rho = 0.34, p = 0.001; RGA and MPI, rho = 0.49, p < 0.001). Discriminant validity was confirmed by significant correlations between specific subitems and reference measures: FRAIL with TUG (p < 0.05), SARC-F with Handgrip strength (p = 0.013), SNAQ with BMI, and RCS with MMSE (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Italian version of the RGA is a reliable screening tool for geriatric syndromes in community-dwelling older adults. While it does not replace a CGA, the RGA may identify individuals who may benefit from further evaluation using a complete CGA.

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by an irreversible decline in cognitive function. The pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders has been linked to changes in the gut microbiota, transmitted through the gut-brain axis. Methods: We set out to establish by case-control study methodology whether there were any differences in the composition and/or function of the gut microbiota between older resident adults in care homes with or without an AD diagnosis via analysis of the microbial composition from fecal samples. Results: The microbial composition, determined by 16S rRNA gene profiling, indicated that AD sufferers had significantly increased proportions of Escherichia/Shigella and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and significantly decreased proportions of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Blautia, and Roseburia species. The increase in potentially pro-inflammatory bacteria was consistent with slightly higher concentrations of calprotectin, a biomarker of gut inflammation. Fecal concentrations of most microbial metabolites measured were similar across groups, although participants with AD had significantly increased proportions of the branched-chain fatty acid, iso-butyrate, and lower overall concentrations of total short chain fatty acids. Conclusions: Participants with Alzheimer’s disease have several key differences within their gut microbiota profile, in contrast to care home residents without Alzheimer’s disease. The altered microbiome included both compositional and functional changes linked to poorer health and gut inflammation.

Background/Objectives: Friends and family members of people who are discharged from hospital after a fracture often take on caring roles, since these patients have reduced independence during recovery. Previous literature suggests that these individuals are rarely supported in their adoption of these roles. No studies have previously explored the use of carer training interventions to support friends/family members by health professionals in this setting. This survey study aimed to address this. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among health professionals who treat people in hospital following fractures. Respondents were asked about the use of care training for friends/family members of people discharged from hospital after fracture, and whether a clinical trial would be useful to test such carer training interventions. Results: A total of 114 health professionals accessed the survey. Fifty respondents (44%) reported that carer training was not offered in their practice. When it was offered, respondents reported this was not consistently provided. Less than 12% of respondents reported offering carer training to most of their patients following a fracture. What was offered in these instances was largely based on education provision (69%), practical skills in exercise prescription (55%) and manual handling (51%). Ninety-eight percent of respondents reported that a clinical trial would be, or would potentially be, valuable to aid a change in practice to include carer training in routine clinical care. Conclusions: Carer training programmes are not routinely provided in clinical practice for people following a fracture. The results indicate that health professionals see a potential value in these programmes, but further research is recommended to provide an evidence base for these interventions.