Centurion University of Technology and Management

Parua P., Ghosh S., Jana K., Seth A., Debnath B., Kumar Rout S., Kumar Sarangi M., Dash R., Halder J., Kanti Rajwar T., Pradhan D., Kumar Rai V., Dash P., Das C., Kar B., et. al.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred significant endeavors to devise treatments to combat SARS-CoV-2. A limited array of small-molecule antiviral drugs, specifically monoclonal antibodies and interferon therapy, have been sanctioned to treat COVID-19. These treatments typically necessitate administration within ten days of symptom onset. There have been reported reductions in the effectiveness of these medications due to mutations in non-structural protein genes, particularly against Omicron subvariants. This underscores the pressing requirement for healthcare systems to continually monitor pathogen variability and its impact on the efficacy of prevention and treatments. Aim: This review aimed to comprehend the therapeutic benefits and recent progress of nMAbs for preventing and treating the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. Results and Discussion: Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMAbs) provide a treatment avenue for severely affected individuals, especially those at high risk for whom vaccination is not viable. With their specific epitope affinity, they pose no significant risk of severe adverse effects. The degree of reduction in neutralization varies significantly across different monoclonal antibodies and variant combinations. For instance, Sotrovimab maintained its neutralization effectiveness against Omicron BA.1, but exhibited diminished efficacy against BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, and BA.2.12.1. Conclusion: Bebtelovimab has been observed to preserve its efficacy against all subtypes of the Omicron variant. Subsequently, WKS13, mAb-39, 19n01, F61-d2 cocktail, etc., have become effective. This review has highlighted the therapeutic implications of nMAbs in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron treatment and the progress of COVID-19 drug discovery.

Das S., Pattnaik G., Pattanaik S., Jena B.R., Satapathy B.S., Pradhan A.

Background: Background: Coming to the edge of disease manufacturing in the twenty-- first-century, breast cancer occupies a terrifying scenario in the globe, especially in adult women. Its curiosity endeavours remarkable advances made during the past decennaries for cancer treatment and diagnosis. Objective: It accounts for the fifth leading cause of transience, killing approximately 570,000 people per annum. To reduce the prognosis of clinical oncological development with the application of a new chemical entity, some of the critical challenges, like active pharmaceutical ingredients with high chemical resistance, extreme side effects, and high treatment costs are some of the limitations in the curbing aspects of breast melanoma. Methods: In cancer research, hence, the development of drugs that are safe, efficient, and cost-effective remains a 'Holy Grail' that may be considered as a boon to target the malignant tissues with novel therapeutics devices. Results: Through the findings on overcoming the drawbacks of traditional methods, researchers have given special attention to cancer-preventive and theranostic approaches based on some novel drug delivery systems. Conclusion: The present study forecasts the wide-ranging modern applications, and on developing some novel liposomal drug delivery therapy against breast cancer.

Padhi P., Kar N.R.

Background: Over the last ten years, there has been little clinical progress in the treatment of glioblastoma, partially because there are no efficient drug delivery techniques that can pass across the blood-brain-tumor-barrier. Objective: The present study deals with the development optimization of Regorafenib-loaded Solid lipid na-noparticle(RF-SLN) for intranasal delivery of Regorafenib. Method: A Box-Behnken Design was employed to develop and optimize seventeen formulations using the solvent evaporation method, followed by ultrasonication. Each formulation was characterized in terms of particle size, entrapment efficiency (EE%), and zeta potential. The optimized SLN formulation was then con-verted into an in situ gel and assessed for intranasal ex vivo permeation. Results: The optimized formulation showed a particle size of 190.1nm, EE% of 81.3%, and zeta potential of -23.8 mV. The optimized Regorafenib-SLN in-situ gel showed enhanced drug permeability as compared to the Regorafenib-in-situ gel. Conclusion: It can be concluded that an SLN-based nanocarrier system can be successfully applied for the intranasal delivery of Regorafenib targeting to the brain.

Jena S.P., Chakraborty M., Mondal J., Rehaman S.H., Dash P.R., Paikaray B.K., Chakravarty S.

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is expanding quickly and makes it possible to connect actual devices to the Internet. In our daily lives, we spend a lot of time sitting in incorrect postures, which over time leads to a host of health issues such back discomfort, stiffness, cervical pain, etc. Here's a creative way to use IoT and OpenCV to create a smart posture detection chair that will solve the posture problem. In order to address these health concerns and aid us with our posture, this approach seeks to design a smart chair. We used various sensor interfaces to gather and process real-time data in order to identify posture. We were able to get a satisfactory result that indicates if the position is good or terrible in the Boolean value. Here, 86% accuracy was achieved in classifying the good and bad posture using the machine learning model YOLOV5.

Pati S., Jangam A.

Silver nanoparticles are highly active for low-temperature CO oxidation reactions. Herein, we report the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles dispersed over mesoporous SiO2 via a green approach. The Ag nanoparticles were dispersed over mesoporous silica using bay leaf extract to prepare a 2% Ag/SiO2 (G) catalyst. The formation of the catalyst was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The activity of the 2% Ag/SiO2 (G) catalyst was tested for CO oxidation reaction in a packed bed reactor. The catalyst showed excellent activity for low-temperature CO oxidation, and 100% conversion was achieved at 125 oC. The higher conversion and stable activity for 100 h is ascribed to the strong metal support interaction, homogenous dispersion of nano-particles and formation of easily reducible metal oxides. The strong metal support interaction is confirmed by temperature programmed reduction analysis.

Singh P.K., Singh A., Kumar V., Sadhukhan R., Jha R.K., Siddiqui M.H., Khan S.

Grasspea is one of the important cool season legumes in India and it is hardy in nature. Although this crop is robust, it is not commonly grown because presence of more amount of the β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) in the seeds and it causes neurolathyrism. Due to low levels of genetic variation in β-ODAP content in grasspea made it difficult to improve through traditional breeding. However, induced mutagenesis can be a useful and alternative method to add more genetic variability, opening up more possibilities for the identification and characterization of new genetic variations. In this study, three varieties (Nirmal, Biol-212 and Berhampur Local) seeds were treated with physical mutagen (γ-rays) chemical mutagen (EMS) and their combinations. M1, M2 and M3 populations were developed by these mutagenic treatments. The M3 populations of all three varieties were screened for morphological, yield and biochemical traits. A wider range of induced viable mutants was found in Biol-212 indicated that variety is more susceptible to both mutagens than the other two. Only two Nirmal mutants, seven Biol-212 mutants and five Berhampur Local mutants were non-segregating and performed better than their parents in terms of improved biochemical parameters such as low β-ODAP and Trypsin Inhibitor, and more protein content and yield. Mutation creates variability for biochemical traits and selecting progenies for favorable means and higher variances in the early generations will be highly beneficial, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of yield and its components in the M3 generation. Grasspea germplasm might be enhanced by the mutants exhibiting higher yield with improve biochemical properties.

Silpa N., Swain S.K., Maheswara Rao V.V.

Rice variety classification is of significant importance in the agricultural domain since it allows for effective crop management, quality evaluation, and yield optimization. This research paper presents an intelligent system for automatic rice variety identification into multiple classes using machine learning techniques. The Maximum Relevance Minimum Redundancy (MRMR) attribute selection technique is used in the framework to discover the most important attributes from a large dataset, ensuring accurate and reliable classification. Various machine learning based classification techniques, including Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Ensemble methods, Neural Networks (NN), and Naive Bayes, are explored in their different variants. Series of experiments were conducted on a real-time dataset featuring multiple rice varieties to evaluate the performance of each classifier based on metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The study explores the effectiveness of the proposed framework, revealing that Ensemble machine learning, SVM and Neural Networks emerge as the optimal classifiers, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of 99.8% in the multi-class classification of rice varieties. The proposed framework empowers farmers and researchers to make informed decisions in crop management, resource allocation, and ensuring food security in agricultural practices.

Rahangdale P., Bag S.B., Das P., Khare P.

“Amid the contemporary political turmoil, Hobbes's contractualism, as exemplified in Leviathan, stands as a beacon of rational order in the face of chaos.” This chapter delves into Hobbes' contractualism, its implications for civil conflict, and its relevance to ongoing conflicts such as Afghanistan's. Leviathan serves as our guide, navigating us through the complexities of war, sovereignty, and social cohesiveness. It uses analogies between theory and reality to equip us with the tools to resolve civil unrest and foster peace in our turbulent times. This chapter is not just a theoretical exploration. It has three practical goals. First, it elucidates Hobbes' contractualism and its implications for the causes and solutions of war. Second, drawing from Hobbes's experiences in civil unrest, as depicted in Leviathan, it scrutinises the relationship between contractualism and civic strife. Finally, it applies Hobbes's theories to shed light on Afghanistan's protracted civil war.

Sahu A.A., Sephalika S., Mohakud N.K., Sahu B.R.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection poses a significant public health challenge globally, particularly in developing countries like India. NTS, predominantly represented by S. enterica serovars, is a major cause of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. This review provides a comprehensive overview of longitudinal analyses of the prevalence of NTS in different regions of India encountered in the last 20 years and their antimicrobial resistance patterns. We followed several research investigations published during 2000–2024 to examine the incidence and prevalence of different serovars of NTS in several parts of India and followed published articles on NTS showing resistance to different antibiotics. We pointed out NTS serovars, which are predominantly isolated in various human and non-human sources, as observed in several investigations conducted in different regions of India. Our analysis revealed that, among serovars detected from various sources, S. Typhimurium is the most predominant one occurring across both human and non-human sources, followed by S. Enteritidis and S. Weltevreden. The occurrence of similar serovars of Salmonella in both human and non-human sources may be due to zoonotic transmission between animals and humans. Extensive research conducted across many geographic locations reveals that NTS isolates exhibit resistance to several antibiotics, with multidrug-resistance (MDR) being more common. These MDR strains basically show resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics, including critically important antimicrobials such as nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and third-generation cephalosporins. Temporal trends suggest an alarming increase in resistance to these antibiotics, particularly in serovars such as S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Overall, the current article sheds light on the urgent need for surveillance, judicious antibiotic use, and the development of alternative treatment strategies to combat the rising tide of antibiotic-resistant NTS strains.

Sundararajan M., Dahlous K., Ramesh M., Isaac R.S., Yuvaraj S., Rajabathar J.R., Dash C.S., Udhaya P.A.

ZnFe1−xAlxO4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) samples were synthesized by the combustion method. The x-ray diffraction pattern confirms that the ferrite samples have a cubic inverse spinel structure, and Rietveld refinement adds more weight to this conclusion. Furthermore, the space group is Fd3̄m. Using Rietveld analysis, the oxygen location, lattice parameter, and cation distribution were found, proving that Al doped ZnFe2O4 ferrites were present in every sample. According to structural research, when the Al3+ concentration increases, the crystallite size decreases (15–29 nm) but the lattice parameter increases (8.399–8.418 Å). The FE-SEM images are agglomerated for all the ferrite samples. The estimated energy gap (1.83–2.05 eV) increases as the doping concentration is increased. The FT-IR spectrum revealed the formation of Al doped ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles, and vibrating sample magnetometry showed the ferromagnetic behavior.

Maharana R.L., Swain S., Mahapatra S.K., Jena B.R.

Abstract: Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) can increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The inability of 35% to 40% of new pharmaceuticals to dissolve in water presents a serious challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. As a result, there must be dosage proportionality, considerable intra- and inter-subject variability, poor solubility, and limited lung bioavailability. As a result, it is critical that drugs intended for oral administration be highly soluble. This can be improved through a variety of means, including salt generation and the facilitation of solid and complicated dispersion. Surfactants, lubricants, and cosolvents may occasionally be found in SEDDS or isotropic blends. Lipophilic drugs, whose absorption is limited by their dissolution rate, have been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of various formulations and techniques. These particles can form microemulsions and suitable oil-inwater emulsions with minimal agitation and dilution by the water phase as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. This study summarises the numerous advances, biopharmaceutical components, variations, production techniques, characterisation approaches, limitations, and opportunities for SEDDS. With this context in mind, this review compiles a current account of biopharmaceutical advancements, such as the application of quality by design (QbD) methodologies to optimise drug formulations in different excipients with controllable ratios, the presence of regulatory roadblocks to progress, and the future consequences of SEDDS, encompassing composition, evaluation, diverse dosage forms, and innovative techniques for in vitro converting liquid SEDDS to solid forms.

Das P., Mukherjee T., Adhikary K., Mohanty S.

Teli A., Jena D., Saikia L., Mondal N.S., Sen S., Mishra K., Gautam M.

Abstract: Clerodendrum colebrookianium (CC) is a small shrub belonging to the genus Clerondendrum and the family Lamiaceae that is widely distributed in southeast Asian countries like India and China. The plant generally grows in the wet and arid regions of the globe. It has four angled branches that bear flowers along with heart-shaped leaves. This review aims to provide vast knowledge about the pharmacological activities, ethnobotany uses, and the phytochemicals present in the plant. Additionally, it will advance our understanding of the plant's therapeutic potential in the years to come. Much available literature regarding the pharmacological properties, ethnobotany uses, and phytochemistry of C .colebrookianium was collected from a series of scientific resources including PubMed and Google Scholar. Many Asian countries have a long history of using plants from the Clerodendrum genus for various medicinal purposes. Different extracts of CC have demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological effects, including those that are antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antidiabetic and many more. Phytoconstituents like Steroidsdaucosterol, beta-sitosterol, colebrin-A, colebrin-B, colebrin-C, colebrin-D, colebrin-D and Glycoside- clerosterol 3 beta-O-[beta-D-glucoside], Clerosterol (24S/3) (poriferasta-5,25(26)-dien- 3-ol, sitosterol and octacosanol were reported to be present in this plant. This article offers a summary of the most recent research on the pharmacological, traditional uses and some of the phytochemicals of C. colebrookianium walp. Even though it offers a wide range of medical benefits, many of its traditional uses for health have not been well researched. The entire therapeutic potential of these plants for treating a variety of other disorders could be discovered with the aid of in- -depth research and studies on the phytoconstituents of the plant and their active principles.

Parida S., Kar N.R.

Sahoo B.M., Banik B.K., Sharma S., Singh B.

Background: Cancer is regarded as one of the main causes of death globally. Future predictions indicate that the death rate from cancer will keep rising, which may reach 11.4 million in 2030. Carcinogenesis refers to the phenomenon of transforming a normal cell into a cancer cell. Cancer is characterized by unregulated and uncontrolled cell division due to alterations at the molecular and genetic levels. Gene mutations can speed up the rate of cell division, which leads to cancer. Metastasis entails the dissemination of cancer cells from the primary site to distant regions of the body via the circulatory or lymphatic systems. Objective: This review is mainly focusing on the anticancer properties of terpenoids. In the case of human beings, several types of cancers can be treated clinically based on the form and phase of the cancer. So, there are different types of treatment regimens available for the management of cancer, such as immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Methods: Several problems are associated with cancer therapy, including chemoresistance, severe toxicity, relapse, and metastasis. To minimize these complications, natural products like terpenoids seem to be beneficial for the effective management of cancer. Results: Experimental results revealed that the anticancer potential of terpenoids is due to activation of apoptosis and stimulation of cell cycle arrest. Some of the terpenoids exhibit anticancer effects by inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis via the regulation of several signaling pathways intracellularly. Certain terpenoids have been shown to work in concert with anticancer medications (doxorubicin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and 5-fluorouracil) to provide synergistic effects. These terpenoids have also been shown to be effective against cancer cells that are resistant to several drug therapies. Conclusion: The current study will focus on signaling pathways and mode of action of several types of terpenoids as anticancer agents. Further, it will provide insights into the ongoing clinical trials and prospective pathways for the advancement of terpenoids as possible anti-cancer agents.