Ankita, Dr. Awasthi

Awasthi A., Geeta Yadav M., Baswaraju S., Nijhawan G., Ziara S., Kumar A.

Addressing the issues of urbanization, climate change, and resource scarcity now centers on the junction of infrastructure development and sustainability. This review study looks at how new ideas and technologies are developing sustainable infrastructure solutions. It assesses research and development in important domains including smart cities, green infrastructure, renewable energy, circular economy, resilience, and social equality critically. The notion of green infrastructure is covered at the outset of the article, along with how it can be used to manage environmental issues including stormwater runoff, air quality, and urban heat islands. It examines the most recent developments in renewable energy infrastructure, evaluating the scalability, efficiency, and integration of solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal systems into the current energy infrastructures. The analysis also looks at how smart cities and infrastructure have developed, with an emphasis on how IoT, AI, and data analytics are used to improve quality of life, mobility, and sustainability. It goes over case studies of prosperous smart city projects and how they've improved public services, strengthened urban infrastructure resilience, and decreased greenhouse gas emissions. The study concludes with a discussion of new developments and technologies, including digital twins, self-driving cars, decentralized energy systems, and green building materials, that will influence sustainable infrastructure in the future. It highlights the compensations and difficulties of numerous technologies and suggests directions for further study and advancement in the area.

Awasthi A., Abdulhussein Hameed A., Kalra R., Kaur Keer P., Nijhawan G., Mayuri K.

Currently, the world’s energy system is shifting towards sustainability in an attempt to reduce environmental impacts of climate change and ensure energy security. The article states a discourse on different mechanical progressions as well as arrangement measures aimed at addressing these challenges counting progressed determining devices, energy capacity innovations, and grid framework updates. The details about the wind energy system installations across the world and its potential output is being discussed that gives insight about how wind energy systems can be beneficial at different sites. The economic and natural challenges are provided that will make the decision-making process about the capacity to which dependency on wind energy can be made. The wind energy system installations need a thorough research and funding from the various institutions for its more reliable and efficient working. The various researches, investment, and commitment from governments, communities, and other sectors are basic to opening wind energy’s full potential and realizing its assurance as a energy proving source feeding power to the grid.

Manjunatha, Aswini K., Bhaiswar J., Parmar A., Sharma N., Alabdeli H., Awasthi A.

Urbanization has increased significantly during the last century, affecting both rural and urban areas. Due to the growing need for improved connectivity and services, roads and other transportation infrastructure are being built quickly. To meet this need, scientists, designers, and builders have been investigating novel and reasonably priced manufactured goods with the goal of streamlining the building process and improving overall robustness. In recent times, concrete pavements have witnessed a surge in popularity in India, driven by the escalating costs associated with bituminous pavement. The main benefit of using stiff pavement is that it is resilient and can hold its form even under harsh weather and traffic situations. Although concrete pavements may have a higher initial cost, they frequently wind up being more economical in the long run since they require less upkeep and have an excellent design life. This study's primary objective is to present a comparative analysis of pavement appropriateness while accounting for longevity, durability, and cost-effectiveness, among other factors. The simulation can be utilised to gain a quantitative understanding of the dynamic strains and deflections present in a rigid pavement and flexible system. It is discovered that the impact of surface roughness on a slab structure's dynamic response is significant for the pavement structure's useable life span and can be taken into consideration during pavement design. The model can be adjusted to determine the k-value needed to assess a pavement's subgrade support as it ages.

V R., Rajitha A., Meghe D., Yadav D.K., Sharma S., Zabibah R.S., Awasthi A.

In order to improve and restore the functions of biological tissues and organs as well as for the identification and treatment of diseases, biomedical materials a developing subject of materials science are indispensable. Materials like these are frequently employed in many different medical equipment employed in clinical settings, such as scaffolding, sutures, substitute teeth, artificial bones, and even heart replacements. Innovative methods for identifying, treating, and regaining physiological functions have been made possible by biomedical materials, which have completely changed the healthcare industry. The development, categorization, and therapeutic uses of biomedical materials are examined in this study, with a focus on metallic biomaterials, synthetic polymers, and bio ceramics in addition to their biologically derived counterparts, such as collagen, silk, chitosan, and alginate. The functionality of medical devices has been significantly advanced by bioengineering improvements, that have produced healing implants and progressive diagnostic imaging that improve patient effects. This evaluation explores the capacity of nanomaterials in biomedicine, current wound dressings, and antimicrobial methods, highlighting the limitations and destiny opportunities inside the creation of extra powerful therapy and minimally harmful diagnostic tools.

Gupta P., Rajalakshmi B., Nijhawan G., Awasthi A., Praveen, Tyagi L.K., Hussien R.A.

The growth of advanced technologies involves the development of materials that can withstand extreme environmental conditions, particularly elevated temperatures. This paper presents an in-depth examination of the mechanical properties of materials designed specifically for use in high-temperature environments, such as however confined to aviation, nuclear-powered reactors, and electrical power systems. Relevant significance is associated with assessing the mechanical robustness, resilience to deformation under constant stress, and ability to cope with high temperatures over a longer time for these materials. This study explores recent developments in materials science, focusing on the products made in alloys, ceramics, and composite materials such as nickel-based superalloys, silicon carbide (SiC), and composite based on zirconium diboride (ZrB2). A significant focus is placed on innovative testing methods, including high-temperature tensile tests, thermal shock resistance assessment, and fatigue testing, as these play a critical role in evaluating the performance of substances under challenging conditions. Further, this study explores the consequences of these findings on the choice of materials and the design process in engineering applications. Titanium superalloy operates effectively at lower temperatures, whereas Nickel-based 70% of the initial strength when heated to a higher temperature of 1100°C superalloy behaves superior under more extreme conditions.

Praveena K., Manjunatha, Awasthi A., Dutt A., Khan I., Maan P., Hussien R.A.

The technological development of biomaterials used in forming artificial organs and organoids indicates a revolutionary area within biomedical engineering and the field of regenerative medicine. This study provides an in-depth review of recent progress in biomaterials, emphasizing their design and use for fabricating artificial organs and organoids. The analysis proceeds with examining the necessary parameters for biomaterials in simulating the biological and biomechanical qualities of local tissues. The next effort turns towards synthesizing and characterizing innovative biomaterials, including biocompatible polymers, hydrogels, and bioactive scaffolds that can be tailored to suit specific organ systems. The paper provides an in-depth take on the developments in 3D biological printing and microfabrication techniques, emphasizing how they facilitate the synthesis of complicated, multicellular structures. The research also examines the integration of biomaterials when combined with stem cell technologies, focusing on their role in forming organs and the prospects for customized medical treatments. This review highlights the significant developments achieved in this area and the potential of these technologies in addressing the limited supply of organs, performing drug testing, and improving knowledge of the growth of organs and diseases.

Sagar K.S., Awasthi A., Dwivedi S.P., Shrivastava M., Pahwa S., Swathi B., Hlail S.H.

In an era defined by environmental consciousness and resource scarcity, the concept of smart resource management has emerged as a linchpin in achieving a sustainable and green future. This abstract explores the multifaceted landscape of resource utilization, energy management, and waste minimization, collectively shaping our journey toward a more ecologically responsible world. The manuscript delves into the critical dimensions of this paradigm shift, examining innovative practices and technologies across diverse sectors. From precision agriculture optimizing crop yields with minimal environmental impact to the integration of renewable energy sources reshaping our energy landscape, the narrative unfolds . This highlights the profound impact of circular economy principles, which prioritize resource conservation and recycling. These principles, coupled with resource-sharing platforms, redefine how we perceive and utilize materials, fostering economic growth while reducing waste. Amidst these transformative tasks, challenges and barriers to implementation come to light. The abstract acknowledges these obstacles and explores emerging technologies and trends that promise to surmount them. Ultimately, the abstract underscores the imperative of smart resource management in the pursuit of a green future. It encapsulates the essence of a global movement where sustainability, economic prosperity, and environmental stewardship converge, offering hope and inspiration for generations to come.

Anitha D., Awasthi A., Dwivedi S.P., Kumar R., Pahwa S., Rajalakshmi B., Alkhafaji M.A.

The use of sustainability is of utmost importance when it comes to tackling the environmental issues that our global community is currently confronting, ranging from climate change to the depletion of natural resources. The publication titled “Beyond Limits: Envisioning Sustainable Design and Production Ecosystems” delves into the imperative need for a paradigm shift in order to effectively address the aforementioned difficulties. This paradigm shift necessitates a break from conventional, sequential frameworks towards circular and regenerative systems, signifying a fundamental shift in our design and production methodologies. The concept of sustainable design and production ecosystems is intrinsically characterised by its complex nature. The dimensions encompassed by these practises are broad, encompassing the reimagining of design processes, the careful selection of materials, the optimisation of production procedures, the rethinking of supply chain management, and the consideration of end-of-life scenarios. Each of these characteristics plays a crucial role in establishing a comprehensive and enduring environment. The fundamental objective of this notion is to develop a state of peaceful coexistence between human activities and the ecosystems of the earth. In addition to the reduction of harm, it promotes active engagement in activities that contribute to the overall welfare of our environment. By exploring this paradigm-shifting perspective, we establish the foundation for a forthcoming era in which human pursuits harmoniously integrate with the ecological systems of the Earth, ensuring a sustainable and wealthy global community for future generations.

Singh P., Raghavender V., Joshi S., Pooja Vasant N., Awasthi A., Nagpal A., Abd al-saheb A.J.

Bharti D., Awasthi M., Arun V., Awasthi A., Kumar A., Kumari N.

Ravi Naik B., Krishna Chadalla S., Awasthi A., Tondon R., Kumar Yadav D., Mohammed Taher W., Nagpal A.

This study briefly summarises where advanced ceramics, metal matrix composites, and ceramic matrix composites are now. The many ways these “potential” elements can be used and their possible future are significantdebate points. Several of the results of the experiments are talked about. How advanced materials will be used will depend on systemic approaches, low-cost production methods, many markets, and cutting-edge technology. The discovery of new materials will not only raise living standards, improve technology, and make it easier for businesses to do well, but it will also make it easier to share economic gains fairly. Since materials are so important to society, finding the best way to use them should be a top research goal. The search for new and better materials is always important because it lets manufacturers meet the needs of cutting-edge technology while meeting consumers' basic needs for low prices. Scientists improve new materials to meet safety and performance standards as technology improves. Composites hadimproved from when they were first made to where they are now. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have become much more popular worldwide in recent years because they can be used for many things. Researchers are always looking for new, better, and cheaper ways to make materials to meet the growing needs of various industries. AlMMCs (Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites) are a promising material for creating new products because they are reasonable, light, and moderately strong. AlMMCs are sometimes called “next-generation” materials because they can be used in cutting-edge technologies. Due to the variety of reinforcing components available, AlMMCs have a lot of potential for making composites with suitable properties for specific applications. AlMMCs are made to be light without losing any mechanical or tribological properties needed to meet the needs of many different industries.

Tripathi G.P., Agarwal S., Awasthi A., Arun V.

Total hip replacement (THR) is one of the most common procedures adopted to maintain the proper functionality of human anatomy due to rapture, sudden impact, osteoporosis, arthritis, inflammatory bones, etc. Biomaterials are indispensable parameters to be looked after before CAD designing prostheses or implants. The hip prostheses should be cost-effective, readily available, light in weight, and good in longevity and strength. This research paper explores the possibility of different biomaterials that qualify as hip prostheses materials. This paper emphasizes developing a synergistic approach toward finite element analysis. The computational design of the proposed hip implant is analyzed by applying different biomaterials such as Ti-based alloys, cobalt and its alloys, and ultrahigh polyurethane. The results show the von Mises stress pattern where Ti- and Zr-based biomaterials show higher load bearing ability as compared to other materials.

Sambasivam S., Abed A.S., Chopde S., Patil P.P., Math P., Parmar A., Singh R., Kansal L., Awasthi A.

Magnesium is one of the lightest structural metals currently available, and it can replace conventional alloys in mass-saving applications while still offering superior stiffness and strength. The presence of reinforcing components inside the metallic matrix has a substantial impact on stiffness, specific strength, wear behaviour, damping behaviour, and creep qualities when compared to conventional engineering materials. Due to their superior physical and mechanical characteristics, low density, and suitability for a variety of applications, magnesium metal matrix composites are ideal materials. This paper describes how to choose an acceptable technique and its process parameters for the synthesis of magnesium-based metal matrix composites (MMCs). Additionally, it gives a general summary of how different reinforcements affect magnesium and its alloys, highlighting both their benefits and drawbacks.

Sambasivam S., Shirbhate S., Abed A.S., Patil P.P., Khan I., Singh R., Kansal L., Awasthi A.

With the ability to replace conventional alloys in mass-saving applications while still providing greater stiffness and strength, magnesium is one of the lightest structural metals currently on the market. When compared to normal engineering materials, the incorporation of reinforcing elements into the metallic matrix significantly affects stiffness, specific strength, wear, and damping behavior, and creep characteristics. Magnesium metal matrix composites are suitable materials for a variety of applications due to their excellent physical and mechanical qualities and low density. This paper provides a summary of the effects of different reinforcements in magnesium and its alloys, highlighting both their advantages and disadvantages. It is carefully explored how reinforcing affects both the mechanical properties and the microstructure.

Awasthi A., Gupta A., Saxena K.K., Dwivedi R.K., Kundalkar D., Abdul-Zahra D.S., Joshi A., Saggu H.S.

Oliveira B.F., Gonçalves T.I., Gonçalves R., Lourenço E., Oliveira C., Paulo V., Barbosa F.V.

Rauner D., Beuerlein K., Zhang R., Zaeh M.F.

Xu S., Pan S., Li Z., Li S., He X., Pan X.

Ding A., Tang F., Alsberg E.

Montazeri A., Mahnama M.

Hassan Z., Idaszek J., Kaszyca K., Zybała R., Tkocz M., Kuc D., Mizera J., Dobkowska A.

In this work, the microstructure and degradation properties of a novel metal matrix composite composed of Mg with the addition of 1 vol. % hydroxyapatite nanopowder (Mg + 1 vol % nHAp) were evaluated. The composites in the form of discs produced using spark plasma sintering (SPS) were subjected to plastic deformation using a modified extrusion technique with an oscillating die located at the end of the extruder (called KoBo), which enables deformation without the preheating of the initial billet. The microstructure was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with subsequent electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements. The corrosion properties were evaluated based on electrochemical and immersion tests. To assess early biological performance, cytotoxicity tests were performed. The addition of nHAp did not significantly change the corrosion rate; however, the subsequent plastic deformation greatly decreased it. Interestingly, the sample after plastic deformation without the preheating of the initial billet was characterized by the highest cell viability. Overall, the addition of nHAp improved the biological assessment of the extruded composite; however, during plastic deformation, due to the refinement of loosely adherent nHAp and the formation of bimodally distributed grain sizes, a high number of microgalvanic couples were formed, resulting in worse corrosion performance.

He X., Welo T., Ma J.

Holkar R.R., Umarji G.G., Shinde M.D., Rane S.B.

Sood A., Das S.S., Singhmar R., Sahoo S., Wahajuddin M., Naseem Z., Choi S., Kumar A., Han S.S.

Pal S., Velay X., Saleem W., Rathore M.F.

Zhou G., Zhang B., Li Q., Zhao Q., Zhang S.

This study addresses the limitations of linear mapping in two-dimensional gimbal control for moving target tracking, which results in significant control errors and slow response times. To overcome these issues, we propose a nonlinear mapping control method that enhances the success rate of light source target tracking systems. Using Raspberry Pi 4B and OpenCV, the control system performs real-time recognition of rectangular frames and laser spot images. The tracking system, which includes an OpenMV H7 Plus camera, captures and processes the laser spot path. Both systems are connected to an STM32F407ZGT6 microcontroller to drive a 42-step stepper motor with precise control. By adjusting the parameter c of the nonlinear mapping curve, we optimize the system's performance, balancing the response speed and stability. Our results show a significant improvement in control accuracy, with a miss rate of 3.3%, an average error rate of 0.188% at 1.25 m, and a 100% success rate in target tracking. The proposed nonlinear mapping control method offers substantial advancements in real-time tracking and control systems, demonstrating its potential for broader application in intelligent control fields.

Reffas O., Boumediri H., Karmi Y., Kahaleras M.S., Bousba I., Aissa L.

Daniel S.A., Suya Prem Anand P.

Stainless Steel 316L (SS316L) is widely used in orthopaedics due to its biocompatibility, affordability, ease of fabrication, adequate mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. Despite its many benefits, the stiffness of SS316L has been a significant cause for concern since it causes stress shielding and implant failure. A potential solution for stress shielding in orthopaedic implants is lattice SS316L, which can be fabricated using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. The development of lattice structures using the LPBF process allows the scaffolds to adhere, grow and differentiate bone cells with specific mechanical properties suitable for bone implants. The study highlights different lattice structures employed in orthopaedic implants, mainly focusing on the gyroid structures and delves into the fabrication of SS316L lattice structures. Compared to traditional solid implants, the TPMS SS316L gyroid showed at least a 30%–70% improvement in weight reduction, reduced stress shielding by 80%, material saving and a 10%–20% improvement in biocompatibility and 50%–200% osseointegration. Compared to other porous metallic implants, there was a 10%–15% improvement in the compressive and tensile strengths. A 10%–20% at reduced weight concerning strength-to-weight ratio and 40% economically viable. The review also highlights the influence of various lattice parameters on the mechanical and biological attributes of lattice structures, emphasizing the benefits of gyroid lattice structures and their potential impact on the Orthopaedics sector. Furthermore, by leveraging the unique properties of gyroid lattices, SS316L offers a promising solution for stress shielding in orthopaedic implants, with an affordable and compatible alternative to titanium implants in orthopaedics.

Liu W., li F., Zhang A., Liang Q., Zhao Z., Yan Q., Mei Y.

Hollow microspheres-reinforced Al-based composite materials have received extensive attention from researchers due to the enhancement effect and designability of hollow microspheres. In this study, non-contact and contact explosion experiments were conducted on three sandwich composite panels, including hollow microspheres/Al, regular foam Al, and honeycomb Al. According to the experimental results, the anti-explosion performance of the three sandwich composite panels was compared from the perspectives of damage/failure morphology, front-panel pit depth, and back plate deflection. Simultaneously, the deformation data of the cenosphere/Al composite panel were nonlinearly fitted. The study shows that in the non-contact explosion, the cenosphere/Al panel has better integrality and better anti-explosion performance than the foam Al and honeycomb Al sandwich composite panels, and the excellent anti-explosion performance becomes more prominent as the proportion distance decreases. In the contact explosion, serious damage/failure occurs in all three composite panels, and the anti-explosion performance is poor, making them unsuitable as anti-sticking explosion-resistant materials. In the experimental data fitting, it was found that the front-panel pit depth of the cenosphere/Al panel decreases exponentially with the proportion distance, and the pit depth will increase rapidly as the proportion distance decreases, and a specific empirical formula is given.

Qin S., Dai J., Tian H., Zhang H., Huang J., Guan T., Xu W., Wan J.

Baptista L.S., Mironov V., Koudan E., Amorim É.A., Pampolha T.P., Kasyanov V., Kovalev A., Senatov F., Granjeiro J.M.

Makhoul N.

The article introduces a decision-making framework and process for including the data quality (DQ) of structural health monitoring (SHM) for bridge management. The decision-making process relies on Bayesian and utility theories. Maintenance of existing bridges can benefit from SHM to obtain data on the bridge condition, which helps suggest maintenance decisions. Thus, the data quality plays a crucial role in preventing bridge-strengthening action when unnecessary and not intervening when needed. However, no management strategy or decision-making process has integrated the data quality yet. Aiming to fill those gaps, (Makhoul, 2022) offered data quality indicators and metrics. Then, this article extends the work to provide an updated general assessment procedure for existing bridge structures and a decision-making process to embed the SHM DQ. The decision-making process for SHM data quality uses the Bayesian and utility theory and considers uncertainties. It selects the optimal decision and evaluates the value of DQ assessment for monitoring strategies. Finally, a monitored bridge is used as a case study to apply the process, and data quality variation effect on the decision is analyzed. Results and comparisons are offered, and accordingly, the bridge owner is recommended to invest right from the start in good DQ for SHM.

Lath Y.V., Thool A.R., Jadhav I.

Wang M., Wu Y., Li G., Lin Q., Zhang W., Liu H., Su J.

Articular cartilage injury is a frequent worldwide disease, while effective treatment is urgently needed. Due to lack of blood vessels and nerves, the ability of cartilage to self-repair is limited. Despite the availability of various clinical treatments, unfavorable prognoses and complications remain prevalent. However, the advent of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has generated considerable interests in using biomaterials for articular cartilage repair. Nevertheless, there remains a notable scarcity of comprehensive reviews that provide an in-depth exploration of the various strategies and applications. Herein, we present an overview of the primary biomaterials and bioactive substances from the tissue engineering perspective to repair articular cartilage. The strategies include regeneration, substitution, and immunization. We comprehensively delineate the influence of mechanically supportive scaffolds on cellular behavior, shedding light on emerging scaffold technologies, including stimuli-responsive smart scaffolds, 3D-printed scaffolds, and cartilage bionic scaffolds. Biologically active substances, including bioactive factors, stem cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and cartilage organoids, are elucidated for their roles in regulating the activity of chondrocytes. Furthermore, the composite bioactive scaffolds produced industrially to put into clinical use, are also explicitly presented. This review offers innovative solutions for treating articular cartilage ailments and emphasizes the potential of biomaterials for articular cartilage repair in clinical translation.

Chen Z., Sugimura R., Zhang Y.S., Ruan C., Wen C.

AbstractOrganoids have emerged as a powerful platform for studying complex biological processes and diseases in vitro. However, most studies have focused on individual organoids, overlooking the inter‐organ interactions in vivo and limiting the physiological relevance of the models. To address this limitation, the development of a multi‐organoid system has gained considerable attention. This system aims to recapitulate inter‐organ communication and enable the study of complex physiological processes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in organoid engineering and the emerging strategies for constructing a multi‐organoid system. First, we highlight the critical mechanical, structural, and biochemical factors involved in designing suitable materials for the growth of different organoids. Additionally, we discuss the incorporation of dynamic culture environments to enhance organoid culture and enable inter‐organoid communication. Furthermore, we explore techniques for manipulating organoid morphogenesis and spatial positioning of organoids to establish effective inter‐organoid communication networks. We summarize the achievements in utilizing organoids to recapitulate inter‐organ communication in vitro, including assembloids and microfluidic multi‐organoid platforms. Lastly, we discuss the existing challenges and opportunities in developing a multi‐organoid system from its technical bottlenecks in scalability to its applications toward complex human diseases.

Bai L., Wu Y., Li G., Zhang W., Zhang H., Su J.

Organoids, miniature and simplified in vitro model systems that mimic the structure and function of organs, have attracted considerable interest due to their promising applications in disease modeling, drug screening, personalized medicine, and tissue engineering. Despite the substantial success in cultivating physiologically relevant organoids, challenges remain concerning the complexities of their assembly and the difficulties associated with data analysis. The advent of AI-Enabled Organoids, which interfaces with artificial intelligence (AI), holds the potential to revolutionize the field by offering novel insights and methodologies that can expedite the development and clinical application of organoids. This review succinctly delineates the fundamental concepts and mechanisms underlying AI-Enabled Organoids, summarizing the prospective applications on rapid screening of construction strategies, cost-effective extraction of multiscale image features, streamlined analysis of multi-omics data, and precise preclinical evaluation and application. We also explore the challenges and limitations of interfacing organoids with AI, and discuss the future direction of the field. Taken together, the AI-Enabled Organoids hold significant promise for advancing our understanding of organ development and disease progression, ultimately laying the groundwork for clinical application.

Paul A., Kesharvani S., Agrawal A., Dwivedi G., Singh V., Saxena K.K.

An analysis has been done on the strength and wear of the nanocomposites. The synthesis of nano clay or poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanocomposites by using a twin-screw extruder is discussed here. During the synthesis of nanocomposites, a compatibilizer was added to improve the bonding between the clay and matrix between the five different types of composites. The samples obtained are then used for tensile testing after being molded into dog-bone-shaped samples. The tensile test is done by using a UTM (Universal Testing Machine) and tensile strength and tensile modulus were recorded. Then flexural strength and modulus were recorded by conducting a flexural test. The rectangular part of the dog-bone samples is sliced for this test. Similarly, testing of wear was done using a pin-on-disc apparatus. After the flexural test and wear test analysis, scanning electron microscope imaging of the failed and worn-out surfaces is recorded. It was concluded that the pure PMMA sample has lesser strength than the 2.5 wt% sample. But the pre PMMA sample exhibits higher tensile strength and flexural modulus. And on boosting the filler content in the composite material, the strength reduces but the wear resistance of the composite improves.

Yelamasetti B., N S.S., Saxena K.K., Gupta N., P N.K., Shelare S.D.

This research work explores the weldability, structural integrity, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of dissimilar welds of Monel 400 and AISI 316L developed by using Interpulse and pulse arc current modes in TIG welding process. ERNiCrMo-3 filler of 1.6 mm was used to fill the V-groove configuration of 5 mm thick plates in multiple passes. Metallurgical changes were observed in both Interpulse and pulsed current dissimilar weldments using optical and scanning electron microscope techniques. Mechanical properties of the joined structures were evaluated by performing tensile tests on UTM and hardness measurements on weld surfaces using Vickers hardness tester. The resistance against the corrosion especially at the weld area of both welded structures was measured using a cyclic sweep test. From the XRT and visual inspection analyses, the joined structures were free from defects and also seen the uniformity of the filler distribution toward the base metals. The grain structure with well-defined grain structures were identified in PC-TIG weldments whereas fine grains with clear distribution of filler alloying elements were seen in Interpulse-TIG weldments. Interpulse-TIG weldments exhibited with better mechanical and corrosion resistance properties than the PC-TIG weldments vowing to constricted arc mode during the welding process.

Kowarik I.

In the face of accelerating urbanization, urban ecology is an important multidisciplinary science for developing future cities, with roots in many fields of research. In light of the continuing challenges of urban growth, it is promising to illuminate research strands in urban ecology to identify topics that have facilitated our understanding of urban systems and supported solutions for sustainable cities. This review traces the development of the Berlin School of Urban Ecology over the past 50 years, synthesizes its major approaches and outcomes, shows how they have supported the planning of Berlin as a green, biodiverse city and places their contributions to urban ecology within an international perspective. The key contributions of the Berlin School have been (i) a spatially differentiated, unbiased view of the city as a complex of ecosystems or biotope types resulting from human-nature interactions and harboring a surprisingly high biological richness, including unprecedented combinations of native and non-native species; (ii) a novel human-centered approach to reconcile urban land use and biodiversity conservation for the benefit of urban residents, covering natural remnants, designed green spaces and novel urban ecosystems; and (iii) interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches to support the implementation of concepts and projects, including the integration of wastelands in urban green infrastructure. Over the past 50 years, the work of the Berlin School has been a harbinger of many later developments elsewhere, ultimately supporting what the historian Jens Lachmund described as “greening Berlin: the co-production of science, politics, and urban nature.”

Debnath B., Shakur M.S., Siraj M.T., Bari A.B., Islam A.R.

The future of energy security has become a prominent concern for emerging economies due to the inevitable depletion of fossil fuels and the ongoing disruptions in their supply. The crippling effect of complete dependence on expensive fossil fuel imports is magnified by the ineffective policy response to the enduring energy crisis, impeding progress across various sectors and thwarting efforts to meet the demands of population growth and industrialization amid acute electricity shortages. Amidst the economic growth of a prominent emerging economy, Bangladesh, wind energy emerges as a transformative solution to effectively tackle the mounting challenges of electricity demand, environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depleting reserves of fossil fuels. Therefore, this study utilizes an integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach combining the inter-valued type 2 intuitionistic fuzzy (IVT2IF) theory with the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method aiming to identify, prioritize, and investigate the relationships among the factors that impact the sustainable adoption and growth of wind energy in an emerging economy like Bangladesh. Initially, the factors were derived from reviewing existing literature. After subsequent expert validation, sixteen factors were selected for analysis using the IVT2IF DEMATEL method. The findings of the study indicate that "Fossil fuel supply disruption," "Stable financial investment and resource mobilization," and "Geographical region" are the most significant factors influencing the adoption of wind energy for national grid support with prominence value 4.415, 4.406 and 4.339 respectively. Moreover, "Fossil fuel supply disruption" is also the most significant causal factor with a causal weight of 1.274, which is followed by "Stable financial investment and resource mobilization" and "Geographical region" with a causal weight of 1.029 and 0.794. The study's findings have the potential to aid decision-makers and policymakers in formulating long-term strategies and investment decisions to improve the sustainability of the national grid and achieve carbon neutrality.

Cork S., Alexandra C., Alvarez-Romero J.G., Bennett E.M., Berbés-Blázquez M., Bohensky E., Bok B., Costanza R., Hashimoto S., Hill R., Inayatullah S., Kok K., Kuiper J.J., Moglia M., Pereira L., et. al.

Many challenges posed by the current Anthropocene epoch require fundamental transformations to humanity's relationships with the rest of the planet. Achieving such transformations requires that humanity improve its understanding of the current situation and enhance its ability to imagine pathways toward alternative, preferable futures. We review advances in addressing these challenges that employ systematic and structured thinking about multiple possible futures (futures-thinking). Over seven decades, especially the past two, approaches to futures-thinking have helped people from diverse backgrounds reach a common understanding of important issues, underlying causes, and pathways toward optimistic futures. A recent focus has been the stimulation of imagination to produce new options. The roles of futures-thinking in breaking unhelpful social addictions and in conflict resolution are key emerging topics. We summarize cognitive, cultural, and institutional constraints on the societal uptake of futures-thinking, concluding that none are insurmountable once understood. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 48 is October 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Kharat V.J., Singh P., Sharath Raju G., Kumar Yadav D., Satyanarayana.Gupta M., Arun V., Hussein Majeed A., Singh N.

Several benefits can be gained by using additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing, including design flexibility, mass customization, waste minimization, quickly producing complex structures, and rapid prototyping. The standard methods and materials used in 3D printing, along with their development and use, have been examined. The various applications of AM were discussed, especially in biology, aircraft, building, and defensive structures. Many materials and their stages of evolution, including concrete, ceramics, polymer composites, and metal alloys, were analyzed. We discussed several fundamental processing challenges that arise, including but not limited to void generation, anisotropic behaviors, computer design restrictions, and a layered appearance. This article thoroughly assesses 3D printing, including a survey of its pros and shortcomings, to establish a baseline for future research and development.

Jaimin A., Kotkunde N., Singh S.K., Saxena K.K.

The hot tensile flow behaviour of the AZ31B alloy is investigated at various deformation temperatures (200–350 °C) and strain rates (0.1s−1, 0.01s−1, and 0.001s−1). The deformation condition significantly influenced the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution. Observation from the tensile tests indicated a strong dependence of flow stress on deformation temperature and strain rates. At a constant strain rate, flow stress decreased as the temperature increased, while at a constant deformation temperature, flow stress decreased with decreasing strain rates. The strain rate sensitivity varies from 0.01 to 0.25, suggesting a diffusion-controlled dislocation climb mechanism. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) initiation was observed at 250 °C and a strain rate of 0.001s−1, characterized by the formation of necklace-type grains with low pole intensity. Predominantly, the DRX softening mechanism, including continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), was observed at 350 °C and 300 °C for a strain rate of 0.001s−1. Fracture morphology analysis of the tested samples indicated a micro-void coalescence mechanism. Equiaxed dimples were found at 350 °C and a strain rate of 0.001s−1, while oval-shaped dimples were observed at 300 °C and 0.1s−1. A strain-compensated Arrhenius model was incorporated to estimate the flow stress prediction for hardening and softening regions. Statistical parameters such as the average absolute relative error (AARE = 13.50) and coefficient of determination (R = 0.97) were calculated. Good agreement between experimental and prediction stresses was achieved at a 0.001s−1 strain rate for all deformation temperatures.

Pandiyan P., Saravanan S., Usha K., Kannadasan R., Alsharif M.H., Kim M.

This comprehensive review paper examines the technological advancements towards smart energy management in smart cities. It provides an overview of the concept of smart energy management, the challenges faced by cities in managing their energy consumption, and the need for technological advancements to overcome these challenges. The advancements are categorized based on their applications, such as smart grids, smart buildings, and smart transportation, and their benefits are discussed, including increased efficiency, reduced costs, and better sustainability. The paper also presents case studies of successful implementation of smart energy management technologies and discusses the challenges faced during implementation and how they were overcome. In addition, the paper highlights potential research areas and emerging technologies, including block chain, edge computing, IoT, big data analytics, energy harvesting technologies, machine learning, and distributed energy resources (DERs). The importance of technological advancements for smart energy management in smart cities is emphasized, and recommendations for future research and development in the field are provided. Overall, this review paper contributes to the ongoing development of smart cities and provides valuable insights for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers working towards a more sustainable future.

Guggari G.S., S S., Bhavani B., G. A. M., R N., Murgod V.M., Vidhya L., Vinodha S., Saleel C.A., Saxena K.K., Djavanroodi F., Iqbal A.