Open Access
Open access
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, volume 31, issue 12, publication number 116

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and compressive strength of a dental cement modified using plant extract mixture

Publication type: Journal Article
Publication date: 2020-11-28
scimago Q2
SJR: 0.651
CiteScore: 8.0
Impact factor: 4.2
ISSN: 09574530, 15734838
Biophysics
Bioengineering
Biomaterials
Biomedical Engineering
Abstract
Literature lacks sufficient data regarding addition of natural antibacterial agents to glass ionomer cement (GICs). Hence, the aim of the study was to increase the antimicrobial properties of GICs through its modification with mixture of plant extracts to be evaluated along with an 0.5% chlorohexidine-modified GIC (CHX-GIC) with regard to biological and compressive strength properties. Conventional GIC (freeze-dried version) and CHX were used. Alcoholic extract of Salvadora persica, Olea europaea, and Ficus carcia leaves were prepared using a Soxhlet extractor for 12 h. The plant extract mixture (PE) was added in three different proportions to the water used for preparation of the dental cement (Group 1:1 PE, 2:1 PE, and 1:2 PE). Specimens were then prepared and tested against the unmodified GIC (control) and the 0.5% CHX-GIC. Chemical analysis of the extract mixture was performed using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar diffusion assay against Micrococcus luteus and Streptoccocus mutans. Compressive strength was evaluated according to ISO 9917-1:2007 using a Zwick testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Antimicrobial activity against Streptoccocus mutans was significantly increased for all the extract-modified materials compared to the unmodified cement, and the highest concentration was comparable to the CHX-GIC mixture. The activity against Micrococcus luteus was also significantly increased, but only for the material with the highest extract concentration, and here the CHX-GIC group showed statistically the highest antimicrobial activity. Compressive strength results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the different mixtures and the control except for the highest tested concentration that showed the highest mean values. The plant extracts (PEs) enhanced the antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and also against M. luteus in the higher concentration while compressive strength was improved by addition of the PE at higher concentrations.
Found 45
By date By citations
Springer Nature
Improved antibacterial effects of alkali-transformed saponin from quinoa husks against halitosis-related bacteria
Sun X., Yang X., Xue P., Zhang Z., Ren G.
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine Open Access , 
2019-02-12,  citations by CoLab: 41 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
Quinoa is a food crop native to the Andes. The process of dehulling quinoa can produce approximately 8–12% husk, which is often discarded because it contains bitter saponin. Saponin derived from quinoa has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity. However, the antibacterial effects of quinoa saponin against halitosis-related bacteria are still unclear. In this study, quinoa saponin (QS) and alkali-transformed saponin (ATS) were separated by AB-2 resin to obtain QS-30, QS-80, ATS-30 and ATS-80. Halitosis-related bacteria included Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum). The MIC and MBC were determined using gradient dilutions in 96-well plates, and the saponins were identified by HPLC and mass spectrometry. The changes in membrane integrity were tested using a microplate reader, the membrane potential was tested by spectrofluorometry, and the morphological characteristics were examined using a transmission electron microscope to explore the antibacterial mechanisms. Antibacterial assays indicated that QS-80 and ATS-80 showed inhibitory activity. In addition, ATS-80 exerted a stronger inhibitory effect than QS-80, especially against Fusobacterium nucleatum, with a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (31.3 μg/mL) and a lower minimum bactericidal concentration (125 μg/mL). ATS-80 destroyed the bacterial membrane structure, leading to bacterial death. Based on the excellent antibacterial activity and economic prospects of quinoa husk, ATS-80 could be used as an antibacterial agent to treat halitosis.
Antibacterial activity of fig leaf (Ficus carica Linn.) extract against Enterococcus faecalis and its cytotoxicity effects on fibroblast cells
Nirwana I., Rianti D., Soekartono R.H., Listyorini R.D., Basuki D.P.
Veterinary World scimago Q2 wos Q2 Open Access , 
2018-03-20,  citations by CoLab: 15 , 
Medicinal plants: Past history and future perspective
Jamshidi-Kia F., Lorigooini Z., Amini-Khoei H.
Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology scimago Q4 Open Access , 
2018-01-01,  citations by CoLab: 432 ,  Abstract  
Human societies have been in close contact with their environments since the beginning of their formation and used the ingredients of the environment to obtain food and medicine. Awareness and application of plants to prepare food and medicine have been realized through trial and error, and gradually human became able to meet his needs from his surroundings. Information about medicinal plants has long been transmitted gradually and from generation to generation, a human knowledge has gradually become complete with the formation of civilizations and the provision of more facilities. Medicinal plants are used as a medical resource in almost all cultures. Ensuring the safety, quality and effectiveness of medicinal plants and herbal drugs very recently became a key issue in industrialized and developing countries. By standardizing and evaluating the health of active plant-derived compounds, herbal drugs can help the emergence of a new era of the healthcare system to treat human diseases in the future. Awareness of traditional knowledge and medicinal plants can play a key role in the exploitation and discovery of natural plant resources. In order to maintain this knowledge, comprehensive approach and collaboration are needed to maintain historical records on medicinal plants and use these resources in favour of human beings, before they are destroyed forever. Therefore, this review was conducted to investigate and describe the process of using medicinal plants throughout history. This review focuses on the recent various important challenges in quality evaluation of medicinal plants in the authenticity, efficacy, toxicity and consistency.
Frontiers Media S.A.
Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Olive Leaf Extract Against Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens
Liu Y., McKeever L.C., Malik N.S.
Frontiers in Microbiology scimago Q1 wos Q2 Open Access , 
2017-02-02,  citations by CoLab: 66 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
Olive leaf extract (OLE) has been used traditionally as a herbal supplement since it contains polyphenolic compounds with beneficial properties ranging from increasing energy levels, lowering blood pressure, and supporting the cardiovascular and immune systems. In addition to the beneficial effects on human health, OLE also has antimicrobial properties. The aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of OLE against major foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Enteritidis. Our results demonstrated that at a concentration of 62.5 mg/ml, OLE almost completely inhibited the growth of these three pathogens. In addition, OLE also reduced cell motility in L. monocytogenes, which correlated with the absence of flagella as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, OLE inhibited biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis. Taken together, OLE, as a natural product, has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial to control foodborne pathogens.
MDPI
A Review of Glass-Ionomer Cements for Clinical Dentistry
Sidhu S., Nicholson J.
Journal of Functional Biomaterials scimago Q2 wos Q2 Open Access , 
2016-06-28,  citations by CoLab: 348 ,  PDF, 
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Comparative evaluation of compressive strength, diametral tensile strength and shear bond strength of GIC type IX, chlorhexidine-incorporated GIC and triclosan-incorporated GIC: An in vitro study
Somani R., Jaidka S., Singh D., Shafat S.
Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry scimago Q2 wos Q3 , 
2016-04-25,  citations by CoLab: 11 , 
MDPI
The Potential of Plant Phenolics in Prevention and Therapy of Skin Disorders
Działo M., Mierziak J., Korzun U., Preisner M., Szopa J., Kulma A.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences scimago Q1 wos Q2 Open Access , 
2016-02-18,  citations by CoLab: 464 ,  PDF, 
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Comparative evaluation of the antibacterial and physical properties of conventional glass ionomer cement containing chlorhexidine and antibiotics
Mittal S., Soni H., Sharma D., Mittal K., Pathania V., Sharma S.
Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry scimago Q2 wos Q3 , 
2015-07-29,  citations by CoLab: 29 , 
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Cell Based Drug Delivery: Micrococcus luteus Loaded Neutrophils as Chlorhexidine Delivery Vehicles in a Mouse Model of Liver Abscesses in Cattle
Wendel S.O., Menon S., Alshetaiwi H., Shrestha T.B., Chlebanowski L., Hsu W., Bossmann S.H., Narayanan S., Troyer D.L.
PLoS ONE scimago Q1 wos Q1 Open Access , 
2015-05-26,  citations by CoLab: 16 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
The recent WHO report on antibiotic resistances shows a dramatic increase of microbial resistance against antibiotics. With only a few new antibiotics in the pipeline, a different drug delivery approach is urgently needed. We have obtained evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of a cell based drug delivery system that utilizes the innate immune system as targeting carrier for antibacterial drugs. In this study we show the efficient loading of neutrophil granulocytes with chlorhexidine and the complete killing of E. coli as well as Fusobacterium necrophorum in in-vitro studies. Fusobacterium necrophorum causes hepatic abscesses in cattle fed high grain diets. We also show in a mouse model that this delivery system targets infections of F. necrophorum in the liver and reduces the bacterial burden by an order of magnitude from approximately 2•106 to 1•105.
A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora Persica) on oral health
Haque M.M., Alsareii S.A.
Saudi Medical Journal scimago Q3 wos Q2 Open Access , 
2015-05-03,  citations by CoLab: 107 , 
SciELO
Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on porosity and compressive strength of a glass ionomer cement
MARTI L.M., AZEVEDO E.R., MATA M.D., GIRO E.M., ZUANON A.C.
Revista de Odontologia da UNESP Open Access , 
2014-08-01,  citations by CoLab: 3 ,  Abstract  
INTRODUCTION:For presenting wide antibacterial activity, chlorhexidine (CHX) has been extensively used in dentistry and can be easily incorporated into the glass ionomer cement (GIC) and consequently released into the oral cavity.AIM: The aim of this study was porosity and compression strength of a GIC, that was added to different concentrations of CHX.MATERIAL AND METHOD: Specimens were prepared with GIC (Ketac Molar Esaymix) and divided into 4 groups according to the concentration of CHX: control, 0.5% and 1% and 2% (n = 10). For analysis of pores specimens were fractured with the aid of hammer and chisel surgical, so that the fracture was performed in the center of the specimens, dividing it in half and images were obtained from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyzed in Image J software. The compressive strength test was conducted in a mechanical testing machine (EMIC - Equipment and Testing Systems Ltd., Joseph of the Pines, PR, Brazil). Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, Tukey test. Significance level of 5%.RESULT: No statistically significant changes between the study groups was observed both for the number of pores as well as for the compressive strength.CONCLUSION: The use of GIC associated with CHX gluconate 1% and 2% is the best option to be used in dental practice.
SciELO
Influence of the addition of chlorhexidine diacetate on bond strength of a high-viscosity glass ionomer cement to sound and artificial caries-affected dentin
Becci A.C., Marti L.M., Zuanon A.C., Brighenti F.L., Spolidório D.M., Giro E.M.
Revista de Odontologia da UNESP Open Access , 
2014-01-01,  citations by CoLab: 6 ,  Abstract  
INTRODUCTION: The aim of adding chlorhexidine (CHX) to glass ionomer cements (GIC) is to improve their antibacterial property, but it may interfere with their bond to dentin. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of adding chlorhexidine diacetate at different concentrations to a high-viscosity GIC on its bond to sound and artificial caries-affected dentin. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Eighty human third molars were used, on which an area of dentin was exposed on the occlusal surface. Half of the specimens were kept sound and the other half were subjected to artificially induced caries. CHX was mixed with GIC powder at 0.5%, 1% and 2% (w/w). GIC without CHX was used as control. On each dentin surface a specimen measuring 1 mm in diameter and 1 mm high was made. The samples were kept at 37 °C and 100% humidity for 24 hours and subject to microshear testing. The results were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney tests (α=0.05). RESULT: There was no significant difference between bond strength of sound and caries-affected dentin (p>0.05). For both substrate conditions, groups GIC, GIC+0.5% CHX and GIC+1% CHX showed statistically similar bond strength (p>0.05), and higher than that of GIC+2% CHX (p<0.025). Cohesive and mixed failures were predominant in all groups. CONCLUSION: The addition of 0.5% and 1% chlorhexidine did not result in negative changes in the bond strength of GIC to caries-affected and sound dentin.
Addition of Chlorhexidine Gluconate to a Glass Ionomer Cement: A Study on Mechanical, Physical and Antibacterial Properties
Marti L.M., Mata M.D., Ferraz-Santos B., Azevedo E.R., Giro E.M., Zuanon A.C.
Brazilian Dental Journal scimago Q2 Open Access , 
2014-01-01,  citations by CoLab: 40 ,  Abstract  
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of different concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on setting time, surface hardness, maximum tensile bond strength and antibacterial activity of a glass ionomer cement (GIC). The material used as control was Ketac Molar Easymix GIC. CHX was incorporated into the GIC during its manipulation at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%. Antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and L. acidophilus was evaluated by means of agar diffusion test. Tensile bond strength data were analyzed statistically using Analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Setting time, Vickers hardness and agar diffusion test were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significance level of 5%. It was observed that adding CHX at concentrations of 1% and 2% increased significantly the setting time of the material (p=0.012 and p=0.003, respectively). There was no significant difference between control and 0.5% CHX groups regarding the setting time. Addition of 2% CHX decreased significantly the surface hardness in relation to the control group (p=0.009), followed by the 1% CHX group (p=0.009). The tensile bond strength of the material also decreased significantly after adding CHX at a concentration of 2% (p=0.001). Addition of CHX promoted formation of an inhibition halo in both bacterial strains for all concentrations. The results showed that the best option for clinical use of GIC with CHX is at 0.5% concentration, since antibacterial activity increased and the physical-mechanical properties remained unchanged.
Hindawi Limited
Ficus caricaL. (Moraceae): Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Biological Activities
Mawa S., Husain K., Jantan I.
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Open Access , 
2013-11-10,  citations by CoLab: 163 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
This paper describes the botanical features ofFicus caricaL. (Moraceae), its wide variety of chemical constituents, its use in traditional medicine as remedies for many health problems, and its biological activities. The plant has been used traditionally to treat various ailments such as gastric problems, inflammation, and cancer. Phytochemical studies on the leaves and fruits of the plant have shown that they are rich in phenolics, organic acids, and volatile compounds. However, there is little information on the phytochemicals present in the stem and root. Reports on the biological activities of the plant are mainly on its crude extracts which have been proven to possess many biological activities. Some of the most interesting therapeutic effects include anticancer, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antimicrobial activities. Thus, studies related to identification of the bioactive compounds and correlating them to their biological activities are very useful for further research to explore the potential ofF. caricaas a source of therapeutic agents.
Emerging Trends of Herbal Care in Dentistry
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH wos Q4 Open Access , 
2013-09-05,  citations by CoLab: 34 , 
Found 16
By date By citations
Elsevier
What is the current state of the art in incorporating antimicrobial agents into conventional glass ionomer cement? A systematic review
Dutra G.C., Kreve S., Reis A.C.
Dentistry Review Open Access , 
2024-09-01,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Elsevier
Synergistic effects of plant extracts for antimicrobial therapy
Khodaie L., Patel P., Deore S., Surana V., Byahatti V.
2024-06-21,  citations by CoLab: 1 , 
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii
Progress in dental materials: application of natural ingredients
Yudaev Pavel A., Chistyakov Evgeniy M.
Russian Chemical Reviews scimago Q1 wos Q1 Open Access , 
2024-04-02,  citations by CoLab: 23 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
The existing additives for dental restorative materials used in therapeutic dentistry, dentures, orthodontic appliances and adhesives (for example, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles) and also additives to root canal irrigants used in endodontics and to mouthwashes can be toxic to humans, cause allergic reactions and accumulate in organs and tissues. Today, a relevant trend is development of dental materials that have an antimicrobial effect and are non-toxic to humans. A promising alternative to the above-mentioned additives are phyto-components, including plant and propolis extracts, since they are cheap and non-toxic. This review is devoted to natural antimicrobial additives to dental materials used in orthodontics, dentures, therapeutic dentistry and endodontics. The review makes recommendations regarding additional research required for practical implementation of the considered dental materials (filling materials, mouthwashes, orthodontic adhesives and orthopaedic dental products), examines the influence of antimicrobial additives on the physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of polymer dental materials, and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of natural additives compared to synthetic ones. The main challenges in this research area are the narrow range of microorganisms for which the antimicrobial effect was studied (which are mainly S. mutans, E. faecalis, C. albicans) and the predominance of in vitro studies over clinical studies. The review covers published data of the past five years.The bibliography includes 123 references.
Springer Nature
A Comparative In Vitro Analysis of Antimicrobial Effectiveness and Compressive Strength of Ginger and Clove-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement
Paulraj J., Pushparathna B., Maiti S., Sharma N., Shanmugam R.
Cureus wos Q3 , 
2024-03-11,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Springer Nature
Investigating the Potential of Acacia nilotica-Enriched Glass Ionomer Cement: An Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Compressive Strength
Paulraj J., T J., S Y.C., Shanmugam R., Maiti S.
Cureus wos Q3 , 
2024-02-24,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
MODIFICATIONS OF POLYALKENOIC ACID AND ITS EFFECT ON GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
Sreejith S.L., Saraswathy M.
Materials Advances scimago Q1 wos Q2 Open Access , 
2024-02-14,  citations by CoLab: 5 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
Over the past few decades, glass ionomer cement (GIC) has played a pivotal role in dental restoration. GIC has many advantages over other restorative materials including biocompatibility, dental adhesion, aesthetic,...
Springer Nature
Miswak-Infused Glass Ionomer Cement: A Comparative In Vitro Analysis of Antibacterial Efficacy and Compressive Strength
Devi K., Paulraj J., Shanmugam R., Maiti S.
Cureus wos Q3 , 
2024-02-03,  citations by CoLab: 1 , 
Springer Nature
Herbalism and glass-based materials in dentistry: review of the current state of the art
Singer L., Bourauel C.
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine scimago Q2 wos Q2 Open Access , 
2023-11-14,  citations by CoLab: 3 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
AbstractHalf a million different plant species are occurring worldwide, of which only 1% has been phytochemically considered. Thus, there is great potential for discovering novel bioactive compounds. In dentistry, herbal extracts have been used as antimicrobial agents, analgesics, and intracanal medicaments. Glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and bioactive glass (BAG) are attractive materials in dentistry due to their bioactivity, adhesion, and remineralisation capabilities. Thus, this review summarizes the evidence around the use of phytotherapeutics in dental glass-based materials. This review article covers the structure, properties, and clinical uses of GIC and BAG materials within dentistry, with an emphasis on all the attempts that have been made in the last 20 years to enhance their properties naturally using the wisdom of traditional medicines. An extensive electronic search was performed across four databases to include published articles in the last 20 years and the search was concerned only with the English language publications. Publications that involved the use of plant extracts, and their active compounds for the green synthesis of nanoparticles and the modification of GIC and BAG were included up to May 2023. Plant extracts are a potential and effective candidate for modification of different properties of GIC and BAG, particularly their antimicrobial activities. Moreover, natural plant extracts have shown to be very effective in the green synthesis of metal ion nanoparticles in an ecological, and easy way with the additional advantage of a synergistic effect between metal ions and the phytotherapeutic agents. Medicinal plants are considered an abundant, cheap source of biologically active compounds and many of these phytotherapeutics have been the base for the development of new lead pharmaceuticals. Further research is required to assess the safety and the importance of regulation of phytotherapeutics to expand their use in medicine. Graphical Abstract
MDPI
Exploring the Variability in Antibacterial Testing of Resin Dental Composites among Investigators: A Narrative Review
Pal A., Altaf N., Mahmood A., Akbar S., Maher N., Kumar N., Zafar M.S., Murcia L., Oñate-Sánchez R.E.
Microbiology Research scimago Q3 wos Q3 Open Access , 
2023-10-31,  citations by CoLab: 0 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
Caries is a common dental problem brought on by factors like excessive sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, and the presence of microorganisms in the mouth. This dental pathology is treated with a variety of filling materials, including tooth-colored direct resin dental composite (RDC), glass ionomer cement (GIC), and dental amalgam (also known as silver filling). RDC is the most preferred filling material in dental clinics due to its excellent esthetics and minimal tooth preparation, making it the need of the modern era. However, antimicrobial agents were added to this material in order to enhance its ability to prevent secondary caries. The antibacterial activity of RDC has been tested using a variety of methods, but testing protocols have been found to vary. Thusly, the point of this article is to examine the disparity in the strategy involved by specialists for testing the antibacterial properties of RDCs.
In vitro evaluation of the compressive strength of glass ionomer cement modified with propolis in different proportions
Pratiwi D., Azalia A., Hasan A.Z., Tjandrawinata R., Eddy E.
Scientific Dental Journal Open Access , 
2023-05-17,  citations by CoLab: 0 , 
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Evaluation of the Clinical Impact and In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Two Bioactive Restoratives against S. mutans ATCC 25175 in Class II Carious Restorations
Maher Y., Rajeh M., Hamooda F., Zerain G., Habis R., Sulaimani R., Albar S., Ali F., Abdelaleem N.
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice scimago Q3 wos Q3 , 
2023-04-01,  citations by CoLab: 3 , 
Springer Nature
Biomimetic approaches and materials in restorative and regenerative dentistry: review article
Singer L., Fouda A., Bourauel C.
BMC Oral Health scimago Q1 wos Q1 Open Access , 
2023-02-16,  citations by CoLab: 34 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
AbstractBiomimetics is a branch of science that explores the technical beauty of nature. The concept of biomimetics has been brilliantly applied in famous applications such as the design of the Eiffel Tower that has been inspired from the trabecular structure of bone. In dentistry, the purpose of using biomimetic concepts and protocols is to conserve tooth structure and vitality, increase the longevity of restorative dental treatments, and eliminate future retreatment cycles. Biomimetic dental materials are inherently biocompatible with excellent physico-chemical properties. They have been successfully applied in different dental fields with the advantages of enhanced strength, sealing, regenerative and antibacterial abilities. Moreover, many biomimetic materials were proven to overcome significant limitations of earlier available generation counterpart. Therefore, this review aims to spot the light on some recent developments in the emerging field of biomimetics especially in restorative and regenerative dentistry. Different approaches of restoration, remineralisation and regeneration of teeth are also discussed in this review. In addition, various biomimetic dental restorative materials and tissue engineering materials are discussed.
Hindawi Limited
Salvadora persica’s Biological Properties and Applications in Different Dental Specialties: A Narrative Review
Aljarbou F., Almobarak A., Binrayes A., Alamri H.M.
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Open Access , 
2022-05-22,  citations by CoLab: 9 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
Salvadora persica is a tree that belongs to the salvadorecea family. It is also known as Miswak, which is a popular natural toothbrush that was used centuries ago in oral hygiene by Muslims in all parts of the world, especially in the Middle East. Numerous researchers highlighted the biological activity of this plant in medicine, dentistry, and pharmacology. The purpose of this article is to narratively review the biological properties of Salvadora persica. In addition, it expresses variant applications of this herb in different dental specialties. Materials and Methods. The search of the literature was based on PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar using keywords: Salvadora persica, S. persica, Miswak, Dentistry, and Dental. All relevant articles were reviewed to check if they would fit within the scope of this review, and then, the information was extracted. Results. Multiple biological effects of S. persica have been reported including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and even antiulcer effects. Dental effects were discussed and presented. Conclusion. The wide biological range of Salvadora persica’s effects is promising for dental and nondental fields and allows for an expanded clinical application that has otherwise not been discussed in the literature.
Baishideng Publishing Group
Antibiotic-free antimicrobial poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cements: A state-of-the-art review
Lewis G.
World Journal of Orthopaedics scimago Q2 wos Q2 , 
2022-04-18,  citations by CoLab: 6 ,  Abstract  
Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is the most serious complication following total joint arthroplasty, this being because it is associated with, among other things, high morbidity and low quality of life, is difficult to prevent, and is very challenging to treat/manage. The many shortcomings of antibiotic-loaded poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement (ALBC) as an agent for preventing and treating/managing PJI are well-known. One is that microorganisms responsible for most PJI cases, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus, have developed or are developing resistance to gentamicin sulfate, which is the antibiotic in the vast majority of approved ALBC brands. This has led to many research efforts to develop cements that do not contain gentamicin (or, for that matter, any antibiotic) but demonstrate excellent antimicrobial efficacy. There is a sizeable body of literature on these so-called "antibiotic-free antimicrobial" PMMA bone cements (AFAMBCs). The present work is a comprehensive and critical review of this body. In addition to summaries of key trends in results of characterization studies of AFAMBCs, the attractive features and shortcomings of the literature are highlighted. Shortcomings provide motivation for future work, with some ideas being formulation of a new generation of AFAMBCs by, example, adding a nanostructured material and/or an extract from a natural product to the powder and/or liquid of the basis cement, respectively.
MDPI
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Glass Ionomer Cement in Incorporation with Biogenic Zingiber officinale Capped Silver-Nanobiotic, Chlorhexidine Diacetate and Lyophilized Miswak
Ashour A.A., Basha S., Felemban N.H., Enan E.T., Alyamani A.A., Gad El-Rab S.M.
Molecules scimago Q1 wos Q2 Open Access , 
2022-01-14,  citations by CoLab: 13 ,  PDF,  Abstract  
In the present study, Zingiber officinale is used for the synthesis of Zingiber officinale capped silver nanoparticles (ZOE-AgNPs) and compares the antimicrobial efficacy and compressive strength of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) combined with ZOE-AgNPs, lyophilized miswak, and chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX) against oral microbes. Five groups of the disc-shaped GIC specimens were prepared. Group A: lyophilized miswak and GIC combination, Group B: ZOE-AgNPs and GIC combinations, Group C: CHX and GIC combination, Group D: ZOE-AgNPs + CHX + GIC; Group E: Conventional GIC. Results confirmed the successful formation of ZOE-AgNPs that was monitored by UV-Vis sharp absorption spectra at 415 nm. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results revealed the formation of ZOE-AgNPs with a mean size 10.5–14.12 nm. The peaks of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were appearing the involvement of ZOE components onto the surface of ZOE-AgNPs which played as bioreducing, and stabilizing agents. At a 24-h, one-week and three-week intervals, Group D showed the significantly highest mean inhibitory zones compared to Group A, Group B, and Group C. At microbe-level comparison, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited significantly by all the specimens tested except group E when compared to Candida albicans. Group D specimens showed slightly higher (45.8 ± 5.4) mean compressive strength in comparison with other groups. The combination of GIC with ZOE-AgNPs and chlorhexidine together enhanced its antimicrobial efficacy and compressive strength compared to GIC with ZOE-AgNPs or lyophilized miswak or chlorhexidine combination alone. The present study revealed that The combination of GIC with active components of ZOE-AgNPs and chlorhexidine paves the way to lead its effective nano-dental materials applications.

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Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 1, 6.25%
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii, 1, 6.25%
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