Information and Learning Science

В работе предложена основа классификации местообитаний цианопрокариот арктических территорий, построенная на Европейской информационной системе природы (EUNIS). Выделены две больших группы местообитаний: пресноводные и наземные. Последняя, в свою очередь, разделена на амфибиальную и типично наземную подгруппы. Вариабельность полярных местообитаний можно представить в виде градиента увлажнения, который проходит от пресноводных через субаэрофитные до сухих типично наземных. Различия периодичности, амплитуды и регулярности увлажнения местообитаний приводят к дифференцировке видового состава цианопрокариот. Наиболее благоприятными для них в условиях архипелага Шпицберген являются: 1) скальные сообщества с достаточным увлажнением, 2) оголенные грунты, на которых формируются биологические почвенные корочки, 3) медленные хорошо прогреваемые ручьи, 4) специфические переувлажненные местообитания – просачивания. This study proposes a framework for classifying the habitats of cyanoprokaryotes in Arctic regions, based on the European Nature Information System (EUNIS). Two major habitat groups are identified: freshwater and terrestrial. The latter is further subdivided into subaerophytic (those at the boundary between aquatic and aerophytic environments) and aerophytic (found on rocky substrates and soil surfaces). The variability of polar habitats can be represented along a moisture gradient, ranging from freshwater, through subaerophytic zones, to dry terrestrial environments. Differences in the frequency, amplitude, and regularity of habitat moisture levels lead to the differentiation of cyanoprokaryotes species composition. In the Svalbard Archipelago, four particular habitats support greater diversity and abundance of cyanoprokaryotes: 1) wet walls and rocks, 2) bare soils and biocrust communities, 3) warm, slow-flowing streams, and 4) specific over-moistened habitats – seepages.

В статье исследован состав бентофауны и рыбного населения озера Пандозера (бассейн Онежского озера), расположенного на территории Государственного природного заповедника «Кивач» (Республики Карелия). Количественные показатели макрозообентоса соответствуют олиготрофному типу водоемов, величина хирономидного индекса – умеренно- загрязненному водному объекту. Рыбное население озера представлено 13 видами рыб (6 семейств), среди которых преобладающими являются окунь, лещ и плотва. Отмечены ценные виды рыб: сиг и судак. Язь обнаружен в озере впервые. В целом проведенные исследования показали удовлетворительное состояние экосистемы оз. Пандозеро на современном этапе. The composition of the benthic fauna of the fish population of Pandozero Lake (Onega Lake basin), located in the Kivach State Nature Reserve, Republic of Karelia, was studied. The abundance indices of its macrozoobenthos are consistent with an oligotrophic type of water bodies, and its chironomid index value with that of a moderately contaminated water body. The lake’s fish population consists of 13 species (6 families) dominated by perch, bream and roach. Valuable fish species, such as whitefish and pike-perch, also occur. Ide was found in the lake for the first time. The studies have shown that Pandozero Lake’s ecosystem is now in satisfactory condition.

Представлены результаты исследования динамики осеннего пролета мелких птиц, полученные в ходе их отловов паутинными сетями в Курганской области в 2013, 2014 и 2016 гг. Изучены 55 видов. Показаны изменения их относительного обилия с конца июля до середины октября. Для большинства видов установлены сроки начала, окончания и пика миграционной активности. Определена очередность их отлета из региона, произведена классификация по характеру динамики и количеству основных волн пролета, выявлены доминирующие в отловах виды как за весь период миграции, так и на разных ее этапах. Обсуждаются долговременные изменения сроков осенней миграции птиц в лесостепном Зауралье, ее направление, длительность остановок, сроки пролета особей из разных половозрастных групп. The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of autumn migration of small birds obtained during their captures with mist nets in the Kurgan Oblast in 2013, 2014 and 2016. Overall, we studied 55 species and report changes in their relative abundance from late July to mid-October as well as the starting, ending and peak dates of the migration for most species. Also, we determined the sequence of their departures from the region, classified the species by the dynamics and the number of main migration waves, defined the dominant species in the captures both for the entire migration period and for its different stages. Moreover, in the article we discuss long-term changes in the timing of autumn bird migration in the forest-steppe Trans-Urals, its direction, duration of stops, timing of migration of individuals from different age and sex groups.

Инвазии агрессивных чужеродных видов, таких как гигантские борщевики, в последние годы привлекают внимание многих ботаников. При этом реакция отдельных растений на присутствие инвайдеров для большинства представителей культурной и природной флоры не изучена. В работе приведены результаты исследований функциональных признаков весеннего эфемероида Corydalis nobilis при внедрении на опытные участки Heracleum sosnowskyi. Произрастание в общем локалитете с H. sosnowskyi приводит к снижению запасов органического вещества в фитомассе C. nobilis и уменьшению вклада листьев в общую массу надземной части растений. Выявлены изменения в пигментном комплексе листьев C. nobilis, проявляющиеся в увеличенном содержании суммы хлорофиллов вначале вегетационного периода. В изученных местообитаниях C. nobilis проявляет конкурентно-рудеральную жизненную стратегию. В целом H. sosnowskyi оказывает крайне неблагоприятное воздействие на C. nobilis, и жизненность особей этого вида сильно снижается. In recent years, invasions of aggressive alien species, such as a giant hogweed, have at- tracted the attention of many botanists. However, the response of individual plants to the presence of invaders has not been studied for most representatives of the cultivated and natural floras. The article presents the results of studying functional traits of the spring ephemeroid Corydalis nobilis when Hera- cleum sosnowskyi is introduced into experimental plots. Sharing a common locality with H. sosnowskyi causes a decrease in organic reserves of C. nobilis phytomass and reduced contribution of its leaves to the total mass of the aboveground parts of plants. We have revealed changes in the pigment complex of C. nobilis leaves, manifested as an increased content of the total chlorophyll in the beginning of the growing season. In the studied habitats, C. nobilis exhibits a competitive-ruderal life strategy. In general, H. sosnowskyi has an extremely adverse effect on C. nobilis and vitality ofthe latter.

В августе 2020, 2021 и 2023 гг., на второй, третий и пятый года после дноуглубительных работ и удаления донных отложений, проведено исследование видового разнообразия водной и прибрежно-водной растительности, характера и степени зарастания оз. Манжерокского, продуктивностидоминирующихвидов, рассчитаныиндексывидовогоразнообразияисапробности. На основе литературных данных изучена многолетняя динамика растительного покрова и особенности зарастания озера за почти 60 лет. Особое внимание уделено изучению водяного ореха (Trapa natans) – вида, включенного в Красную книгу Республики Алтай. Выявлено, что на пятый год после проведения дноуглубительных работ произошло частичное восстановление видового разнообразия макрофитов. Однако продолжающаяся на озере в 2023 г. расчистка дна и берегов привела к разрушению сплавин и сокращению численности видов-сплавинообразователей. Доминантом по площади зарастания и основным ценозобразователем на озере в 2023 г. был водяной орех. Отмечено массовое появление полиморфных многолистных форм водяного ореха, формирующих розетки из 40 и более листьев. Анализ динамики популяции водяного ореха за многолетний период, в том числе и после проведения дноуглубительных работ, показал высокий потенциал самовосстановления этого вида. При условии проведения специальных мероприятий по снижению воздействия рекреационной нагрузки на участки распространения Trapa natans есть основание для прогноза возвращения в ближайшие 5 лет значимости озера как его основного места обитания и, следовательно, сохраненияпамятника природы «Озеро Манжерокское». In the second, third and fifth years after implemented dredging and bottom sediments removal (August 2020, 2021 and 2023), species diversity of aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, type and de- gree of lake Manzherokskoye overgrowth, productivity of dominant species were studied, and the indices of species diversity and saprobity were calculated. Based on literature data, the long-term (almost for 60 years) dynamics of vegetation cover and the features of lake overgrowth were defined. Particular attention was paid to studying water chestnut (Trapa natans), a species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Altai. In the fifth year after dredging, a partial restoration of macrophytes diversity was noted. Further clearing of the lake’s bottom and its shores in 2023 caused the destruction of the floating mats complex and the reduction in the number of floating mats-forming species. In 2023, water chestnut dominated in terms of overgrowth area and price-formation. A massive appearance of polymorphic multi- leaf forms of water chestnut, forming rosettes with 40 or more leaves, occurred. Analysis of the water chestnut population dynamics for a long period (including one after dredging) showed the high potential for self-recovery of this species. In the case of implementation of special measures on mitigation of recreational load impact on the areas of Trapa natans distribution, in the next 5 years the return of the lake importance as its main habitat, and, consequently, the preservation of the natural monument “Lake Manzherokskoye” is expected.

Впервые в русскоязычной литературе приводится протокол оценки состояния попу- ляций инвазионных видов растений, представленный в виде бланка описания. Его разработка и применение являются важными шагами на пути к систематическому документированию ин- формации об инвазионных видах растений на региональном, национальном или международном уровне. Созданный протокол учитывает основные критерии, использующиеся для комплексной оценки воздействия: экологическое воздействие, ареал, скорость распространения и сложность управления. Приводится дополнительная информация, которую можно учитывать при исследо- ваниях на транспортных магистралях, в интродукционных учреждениях, частных участках и на особо охраняемых природных территориях (ООПТ). Приведены примеры использования прото- кола при инвентаризации инвазионных видов растений вдоль Транссибирской железнодорожной магистрали, в Главном ботаническим саду им. Н.В. Цицина РАН (Москва, Россия). Применение предлагаемого протокола позволит: 1) создать единую систему мониторинга инвазионных рас- тений, 2) разработать общие подходы и критерии к оценке риска, причиняемого инвазионными растениями, 3) унифицировать информацию, полученную при использовании протокола оценки популяций инвазионных видов, которая окажется потенциально применимой в организациях с различной ведомственной принадлежностью. In Russian studies, a protocol for assessing the state of populations of invasive plant species is presented for the first time as a description form. Its development and application are important steps in systematic documentation of invasive plant species findings at the regional, national, or international level. The protocol takes account of the main criteria used for a comprehensive impact assessment: environmental impact, species distribution rate, and management complexity. The protocol comprises some additional information to be considered in the studies implemented at transport routes, in introduction institutions, agriculture, and protected areas (SPNAs). We provide the examples of the protocol application in the invasive plant species inventory along the Trans-Siberian Railway (Siberia, Russia) and in the Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia). The application of the proposed protocol will allow (1) to create the unified system for invasive plant monitoring, (2) to develop the general approaches and criteria for assessing the risk caused by invasive plants, and (3) to unify the data on the protocol application in assessing invasive species populations for their further use by different stakeholders.

В ходе гидробиологических исследований четырех малых озер Ярославской области в 2013–2015 и в 2018 гг. в фитопланктоне было выявлено 92 таксона цианобактерий и водорослей, в зоопланктоне – 76 видов планктонных животных, в макрозообентосе – 26 низших определяемых таксонов. Оз. Рюмниково по показателям фитопланктона и зоопланктона имело наиболее низкий трофический статус (мезотрофный), в нем отмечено максимальное разнообразие и количественное развитие макрозообентоса. Озера Вашутинское, Чашницкое и Заозерье по показателям фитопланктона и зоопланктона оценены как эвтрофные, а разнообразие и количественное развитие макрозообентоса в них было на низком уровне, в том числе в связи с влиянием «цветения» воды и накопления сероводорода. In total, 92 taxa of cyanobacteria and phytoplankton algae, 76 zooplankton species, and 26 lower definable taxa of macrozoobenthos were registered during hydrobiological studies at four small lakes of the Yaroslavl Oblast in 2013–2015 and 2018. According to indicators of phytoplankton and zooplankton, Lake Ryumnikovo had the lowest trophic status (mesotrophic), but both the maximum diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos. Lakes Vashutinskoe, Chashnitskoe and Zaozer'e were eutrophic, the macrozoobenthos diversity and abundance there were low, partly due to the water bloom effect and hydrogen sulfide accumulation.

Транссибирская магистраль соединяет Европу и Азию, и особенный интерес представляет флора ее участка на стыке этих континентов. В ходе проведенных исследований пяти железнодорожных станций и нескольких перегонов Пермского края отмечено 134 вида сосудистых растений: 19 древесных и 115 травянистых. Выполнено сравнение локальных флор соседних с Пермским краем регионов на протяжении Транссибирской магистрали с помощью коэффициента сходства Съеренсена. Максимальное сходство флоры пермского участка наблюдается с европейским участком Транссибирской магистрали. Однако сравнение аборигенных фракций флоры показало, что наибольшим сходством обладают пермский и западносибирский участки. The Trans-Siberian Railway connects Europe and Asia making the flora at this intersection of particular interest. When studying five railway stations and several spans of Perm Krai, 134 species of vascular (19 woody and 115 herbaceous) plants were identified. For comparison of local floras of the regions located along the Trans-Siberian Railway and adjacent to Perm Krai, we used the Sørensen’s similarity coefficient. The Perm section (Perm – Kungur) showed the best flora similarity with the European one and by the aboriginal fraction – with the West Siberian site.

Transport corridors serve as one of the main vectors of plant invasion over long distances. The Trans-Siberian Railway, connecting two parts of the world with a different set of native species, is a unique research object for analyzing the distribution of alien plants on a global scale. The invasive species of North American origin, Erigeron canadensis L., found throughout the Trans-Siberian Railway has been set as a model object. This species grows directly on the railway track and on the adjacent slopes, therefore, its spreading is likely along the transport corridor, but not repeatedly from settlements located nearby the railway. All plants have been divided into three haplotypes in accordance to the structure of chloroplast DNA sites (rpl32–trnL and trnL–trnF). The first two haplotypes are represented in the samples from European Russia, the third one includes all samples from the Urals, Western Siberia, the Far East, and all the rest of material collected in European part of Russia. These data confirm our hypothesis about the leading role of the Trans-Siberian Railway in the distribution of E. canadensis in Russia from west to east. However, the isolated haplotypes indicate a low degree of polymorphism of the studied genome regions of E. canadensis. Therefore, its successful invasion is mainly associated with modification variability.

The impact of invasive species on the ecosystems belongs to the most important environmental problems. Representatives of the genus Solidago actively invade various plant communities. About 2300 literary sources were analyzed in order to determine the main tasks for the researchers of invasive species of this genus and to highlight the most relevant issues. Ambiguous evidence of the inhibitory effect of goldenrod on native flora species has been observed. Some studies report on the invasion of species of the genus Solidago and the displacement of species of local flora in various natural and climatic conditions. Opposite opinion states that the main changes relate not to taxonomic, but to the functional diversity. The allelopathic effect may be influenced both by edaphic factors and by the stage of plant development, as well as by the flora diversity in different regions and by the mutual influence of these factors. Most likely, essential oil components (terpenes and terpenoids) have an inhibitory effect on competing plants and soil microorganisms.

Dredging is the activity of excavating soil and performing other soil operations in order to expand and increase the depth of water bodies. Under conditions of increased pollution, dredging operations may cause certain damage to aquatic ecosystems in general and to particular aquatic species. The changes in the composition and structure of benthic invertebrate communities have been studied in Lake Manzherokskoe in different periods: before dredging (2007), two weeks after the dredging has been started (2018), and 3 years after the dredging activities have been finished (2021). In 2021, there was an increase in species diversity and quantitative indicators of the development of benthic communities comparing to the period of dredging completion. Our data indicated the restoration of macrozoobenthos community in the lake to a certain extent. Later, this process may end in complete restoring with an increase in the water level in the lake and a significant decrease in the technogenic load on bottom communities.

The ornithocenoses of a sequence of forestry succession stages are studied in different types of hemiboreal forests of the Russian Plain, and the species of birds that determine each of the recognized stages is given. Statistical analysis showed that anthropogenic disturbances and natural succession processes played a significant role in the transformation of ornithocenoses, against a background of less influence from forestry activities (conifer plantations and their maintenance). Dispersion decomposition showed a high proportion of the combined effect of exogenous and endogenous factors, as well as their equivalent contribution to the formation of ornithocenoses, was demonstrated. Various types of logging are shown to facilitate shifts of natural succession of forest ornithocenoses to anthropodynamic successions characterized by specific subclimax stages.

Biodiversity conservation is one of the most important problems facing contemporary botany. These issues are especially relevant in anthropogenic areas with disturbed or even destroyed vegetation cover. For the first time we studied overgrowth of spoil heaps near lignite mines in the town of Safonovo, Smolensk oblast. Geobotanical descriptions were carried out in the territory of the three spoil heaps, 88 species of vascular plants were found, among which meadow and meadow-forest species prevail, and six species are invasive for Smolensk oblast.

Previous studies in Lake Sevan during summer stratification have shown that the highest zooplankton abundance and biomass was found at the lower boundary of the epilimnion. At the same time, whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus), being main planktivorous species in the lake, preferred the hypolimnion, but was leaving this layer if dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased to 1–5 mg/L. The study was conducted in Bolshoy Sevan (the southern part of Lake Sevan) on July 29–30, 2019. The vertical profiles of water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration, as well as distribution of major taxonomic groups of aquatic organisms were assessed four times a day: in the dark (night time), in the light (day time), and in twilight (morning and evening). Fish population density was assessed using a “Simrad EK80” echosounder. Vertical distribution of zooplankton and fish observed within the study period did not correspond to that described earlier. Maximal zooplankton biomass during the study was recorded in the hypolimnion, and minimal biomass, in the epilimnion. Most of fish (89–100%) located in the metalimnion. At night, about 10% of the fish population descended to the hypolimnion, despite the low dissolved oxygen concentrations found there (3.0–3.1 mg/L). At dawn, about 7% of the fish ascended to the epilimnion, reaching a 7-m depth, where the water temperature was 20.8 °C. The water temperature range preferred by most fish individuals varied during the observation period and did not correspond to previously reported ranges.

The presence of larvae of the European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis was reported for the first time from in macrobenthic communities of the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland (St. Petersburg, Russia). It has been shown that ammocoetes inhabit several areas, at depths to 12 meters. Apart from ammocoetes, the communities with lamprey larvae contain abundant oligochaetes, bivalves, and less commonly chironomid larvae. At some sites, the number of larvae was up to 80 specimens/m2, while their biomass was over 90% of the total of the community. The abundance of macrozoobenthos in these sites is generally low (average abundance 190 specimens/m2, biomass – 70 g/m2), which is usual in autumn. Intestines of the ammocoetes constantly contained large quantities of diatoms representing common phytoplankton of the Gulf of Finland.