OLALEKAN, MORUFU RAIMI

Abiye T., Raimi M.O.

BACKGROUND Groundwater contamination poses a significant public health risk, particularly in urban areas with inadequate waste management. Dumpsites serve as major sources of pollutants, including heavy metals, which infiltrate aquifers through leachate migration. Port Harcourt, Nigeria, faces increasing groundwater quality concerns due to the proliferation of uncontrolled waste disposal sites. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variations in groundwater quality around dumpsites in Port Harcourt and determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking based on WQI values. It also seeks to identify contamination patterns and assess the influence of rainfall on pollutant dispersion. Furthermore, the study compares findings with global research to establish broader implications for waste management and public health. By doing so, it provides a scientific basis for policy recommendations aimed at mitigating groundwater pollution. METHODS Groundwater samples were collected from various locations around major dumpsites in Port Harcourt during dry and rainy seasons. Physicochemical parameters, including heavy metal concentrations, were analyzed to compute WQI values. Comparative analysis with previous studies was conducted to validate observed contamination trends. The impact of leachate migration on water quality was assessed using seasonal variations in WQI values. RESULTS Findings reveal significant spatial and seasonal fluctuations in groundwater quality. While Choba exhibited excellent water quality, Sasun, Olumeni, and Epirikom recorded dangerously high WQI values, indicating unsuitability for drinking. Seasonal variations showed that rainfall exacerbated contamination levels, as seen in Eleme, where WQI increased from 56.362 in the dry season to 140.928 in the rainy season. The study aligns with previous research from India, China, and Ghana, demonstrating that landfill leachates and surface runoff are key contributors to groundwater degradation. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms that dumpsite leachates significantly impact groundwater quality, posing a major risk to public health. The high WQI values in several locations highlight the need for urgent interventions. Findings align with global research on groundwater contamination, emphasizing the critical role of effective waste management in reducing environmental pollution. To mitigate groundwater pollution from dumpsite leachates, it is essential to implement stringent waste management policies that regulate landfill operations and prevent leachate infiltration into aquifers. Establishing continuous groundwater monitoring programs can help detect contamination trends early and guide timely intervention measures. Additionally, promoting alternative potable water sources in highly contaminated areas is crucial to reducing health risks for affected communities. The adoption of modern landfill technologies, such as leachate treatment and containment systems, should be prioritized to minimize pollution and safeguard water resources for future generations. This study contributes to the growing body of research on groundwater contamination by providing empirical evidence of the impact of dumpsites in an urban African setting. The findings underscore the urgent need for improved waste management policies and public health interventions. By aligning with global research, this study reinforces the importance of sustainable environmental practices to safeguard water resources and protect communities from the adverse effects of pollution.

Bilewu O., Raimi M., Adegboyegba O., Taiye I., Sulayman S., Alake I.

Skin-lightening practices are increasingly common among young adults, influenced by societal beauty standards, cultural traditions, and economic factors. However, these practices pose serious health risks, including skin damage and psychological distress. Limited awareness of these dangers, coupled with regulatory gaps, exacerbates the issue, necessitating targeted interventions. This study investigates the health risks and socio-demographic factors influencing skin-lightening practices among young adults in Ilorin West, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 450 participants, primarily aged 18–23 years. Structured questionnaires captured data on socio demographic characteristics, product usage, health effects, and influencing factors. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, were used to assess associations between socio-demographic variables and skin-lightening prevalence. Findings indicate a high prevalence (65.3%) of skin-lightening, particularly among young, single, female students with secondary education. Reported adverse effects include skin irritation (37.8%) and hyperpigmentation (25.3%). Alarmingly, 76.2% of respondents were unaware of the long-term health risks. Cultural and economic factors significantly influenced behavior, with affordability and tribal norms playing key roles. The Hausa ethnic group exhibited the highest prevalence (73.5%), while usage was highest among individuals aged 21–23 years. These findings underscore the urgent need for public health interventions. Raising awareness through culturally sensitive education campaigns, enforcing stricter regulations on harmful products, and engaging social influencers can help reshape societal beauty norms. Policymakers must implement stronger controls on the production and sale of hazardous skin-lightening products. Additionally, promoting self-acceptance and healthier beauty ideals through community-based advocacy can reduce reliance on harmful practices. This study highlights the critical health risks associated with skin-lightening among young adults. Addressing the cultural and societal drivers of these behaviors can improve physical and mental health outcomes, fostering a healthier perception of beauty.

Bilewu O.O., Taiye I., Adegboyegba O., Sulayman S.B., Alake I.D., Raimi M.O.

ENANG O.T., AZEEZ B.O., OGUNYEMI B.T., SULAYMAN A.A., ARAROMI D.O., RAIMI M.O.

BACKGROUND Endotoxin contamination in conventionally purified water poses serious risks to hemodialysis patients, leading to complications such as inflammation and sepsis. Addressing these risks is essential for enhancing patient safety and meeting global dialysis water quality standards. Advanced filtration technologies, such as titanium dioxide (TiO₂)-based nanoparticle filters, offer a promising approach to improve water purification processes in renal care. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a TiO₂-based nanoparticle microporous filtration system for hemodialysis water purification. The objectives included analyzing the system's performance in reducing chemical contaminants (calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and lead) and microbiological contaminants (total viable count [TVC] and endotoxin units [EU]) across multiple renal centers. METHODS Water samples from three renal centers (RC1, RC2, and RC3) were analyzed pre- and post-filtration. TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method and characterized via Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX). The microporous filter, fabricated with TiO₂ nanoparticles, silicon dioxide, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), was tested for its ability to remove contaminants. Analytical techniques included spectroscopy for chemical analysis and microbiological assays for contaminant quantification. RESULTS Post-treatment analysis revealed significant reductions in chemical contaminants, with removal efficiencies averaging 78% for calcium, 80% for magnesium, 81% for aluminum, and 76.6% for lead across all centers. Microbiological contamination was also substantially reduced, with 78–80% removal of TVC and 76–84.6% reduction in EU levels. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyl groups critical for adsorption, while SEM/EDX characterization revealed a crystalline structure with a particle size of 1.45 nm, pore size of 4.11 μm, filter height of 2.56 mm, and bulk density of 0.58 g/cm³. CONCLUSIONS The TiO₂-based nanoparticle filtration system demonstrated high efficacy in removing chemical and microbiological contaminants, significantly improving water quality for hemodialysis. These results highlight its potential as a practical solution for renal centers, especially in resource-constrained settings. Further studies are needed to evaluate its long-term performance and feasibility for widespread adoption. Renal centers should consider adopting TiO₂-based nanoparticle filters to address persistent water quality challenges. Pilot implementations across diverse settings can provide insights into operational feasibility. Additional research should explore scalability, maintenance requirements, and cost-effectiveness to optimize integration into healthcare systems. This study introduces a practical and innovative solution to improve hemodialysis water purification. By effectively reducing both chemical and microbiological contaminants, the TiO₂-based filtration system has the potential to enhance patient safety and outcomes, particularly in settings where maintaining high water quality standards remains challenging.

Bilewu O.O., Raimi M.O., Adegboyegba O., Taiye I., Sulayman S.B., Alake I.D.

BACKGROUND Skin-lightening practices have become increasingly prevalent among young adults, influenced by societal beauty standards, cultural norms, and economic factors. Despite their popularity, these practices pose significant health risks, including adverse skin reactions and psychological impacts. Limited awareness of the dangers and regulatory gaps exacerbates the issue, necessitating targeted public health interventions and policy reforms. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the health risks and socio-demographic factors associated with skin-lightening practices among young adults in Ilorin West, Nigeria. It further sought to identify socio-demographic factors influencing these behaviors and to propose evidence-based recommendations for addressing the associated health risks. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 450 participants, predominantly young adults aged 18-23 years. Data were collected using structured questionnaires covering socio-demographic characteristics, skin-lightening product usage, health implications, and influencing factors. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, were performed to assess associations between socio-demographic variables and skin-lightening prevalence. RESULTS The study revealed a high prevalence of skin-lightening practices (65.3%) among participants, with the majority being young, single, female students with secondary education. Adverse health effects, such as skin irritation (37.8%) and darkening (25.3%), were commonly reported. Despite this, 76.2% of respondents were unaware of the long-term risks associated with these products. Cultural and economic factors, including affordability and tribal norms, significantly influenced behavior. For instance, the Hausa group exhibited the highest prevalence (73.5%), while younger demographics aged 21-23 reported the highest usage rates. CONCLUSIONS Skin-lightening practices among young adults are driven by a complex interplay of personal preferences, societal pressures, and cultural norms. The high prevalence of adverse health effects, coupled with limited awareness, underscores the urgent need for public health interventions. Regulatory measures and culturally sensitive campaigns can mitigate the associated risks and promote healthier beauty standards. Policymakers should implement stricter regulations on the production and sale of harmful skin-lightening products. Public health campaigns must focus on increasing awareness of the health risks and promoting self-acceptance. Community-based advocacy and collaborations with social influencers can help reshape societal beauty norms to embrace diverse skin tones. The study highlights the critical health risks associated with skin-lightening practices, particularly among vulnerable youth populations. By addressing the cultural and societal drivers of these behaviors, stakeholders can improve physical and mental health outcomes, promote self-acceptance, and reduce the reliance on harmful beauty practices.

Kakwi J.D., Yakasai K.M., Raimi M.O., Kakwi J.D.

BACKGROUND Vaccination remains a cornerstone of public health strategies in efforts to combat infectious diseases like COVID-19. However, vaccine acceptance remains very different across the world because of sociocultural, economic, and information-related challenges. This study explores some of the factors that affect COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Plateau State, Nigeria, focusing on the interaction between education, cultural beliefs, digital media campaigns, and community engagement. This study brings to light some determinants of vaccine hesitancy with a view to targeted interventions aimed at improving immunization coverage. OBJECTIVE This study, therefore, aims at exploring the dynamics of COVID-19 vaccination, influenced by socioeconomic and cultural factors within Plateau State in Nigeria, and focuses on a number of aspects in terms of their impact: education, digital campaigns, cultural adaptation, outreach, promotional efforts, and the use of influencers. METHODS The research adopted a mixed-method design incorporating both quantitative questionnaires and in-depth, qualitative interviews among 300 respondents in urban and rural settings. Data analysis has been done through a combination of descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and regression modeling to identify correlations in variables like educational attainment, cultural beliefs, and exposure to digital media campaigns. RESULTS Higher education is correlated with vaccine acceptance; misinformation and cultural skepticism are major barriers. Digital media campaigns proved very effective at raising awareness, especially among younger age groups, though there remain gaps in rural outreach. Community leaders and influencers played a very pivotal role in building trust by clarifying misconceptions. Access is increased by outreach programs, but economic and transportation challenges in remote areas remain deterrents to the impact. CONCLUSIONS The study concludes that vaccine hesitancy requires multi-faceted strategies incorporating education, digital campaigns, and culturally sensitive outreach efforts. Building trust through influencers and community leaders is key for long-term vaccine acceptance. Tailoring the interventions to local contexts can reduce the barriers and enhance program effectiveness. The study recommends expanding educational campaigns, leveraging digital platforms, and strengthening partnerships with local leaders to amplify vaccine advocacy. Additionally, subsidizing transportation and enhancing logistical support in remote areas can overcome accessibility barriers. Continuous evaluation and adaptation of interventions are necessary to sustain progress. This study gives reason to targeted communication strategies and culturally congruent approaches in improving vaccination uptakes. It thus calls for inclusive health policies which would address socioeconomic and cultural disparities, leading to improved immunization rates and pandemic preparedness.

Promise V.I., Macauley T., Alabere I., Abdulraheem I., Raimi M.O.

BACKGROUND Rationale: Vaccination is a critical public health intervention for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality, yet vaccination coverage remains suboptimal in regions like Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Understanding the factors influencing vaccination uptake is essential to addressing the barriers to complete immunization and achieving universal health goals. OBJECTIVE Objective: This study assessed the vaccination coverage among children under two years in Bayelsa State, identifying key barriers and proposing targeted interventions to improve immunization rates. METHODS Method(s): A Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design was employed, with 1,220 participants recruited using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. RESULTS Results: The study revealed a vaccination compliance rate of 88.9%, with 65.0% achieving full vaccination. Barriers to vaccination included logistical challenges such as forgetfulness (8.3%), distance to healthcare facilities (4.4%), and fear of needles (2.8%). Significant demographic factors included maternal education and occupation, influencing vaccination completion. CONCLUSIONS Conclusions: While awareness and compliance are relatively high, gaps in complete immunization persist due to structural and logistical barriers. Addressing these barriers is crucial to improving vaccination coverage and reducing vaccine-preventable diseases. Implement mobile vaccination units and automated reminders, enhance health worker training for patient-friendly services and conduct targeted health education campaigns. This study underscores the importance of tailored interventions in increasing vaccination coverage. Enhancing access and addressing barriers can significantly improve child health outcomes in underserved regions.

Elemuwa C.O., Raimi M.O., Elemuwa U.G., Adias T.C.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a significant foodborne pathogen underscores the importance of understanding its genetic diversity and evolutionary trends. Despite existing public health measures, outbreaks continue to pose a severe threat, necessitating advanced strategies to mitigate their impact. This study leverages next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to decode the genetic composition of E. coli O157:H7, aiming to inform enhanced public health strategies and interventions. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to investigate the genomic structure, evolutionary relationships, and pathogenic potential of E. coli O157:H7 strains. By integrating DNA sequencing data and phylogenetic tools, this research seeks to identify critical genetic markers and evolutionary trends that could guide improved diagnostic, surveillance, and intervention measures. METHODS A comprehensive genomic analysis was performed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) of E. coli O157:H7 isolates sourced from the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Central Hospital, and Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH) with diverse geographical and environmental settings. Bioinformatic pipelines were utilized to annotate and compare genetic sequences, while phylogenetic tree construction highlighted evolutionary relationships. Comparative genomic analyses identified virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes, and genomic variations critical for pathogenicity and adaptation. RESULTS The analysis revealed significant genetic heterogeneity among E. coli O157:H7 isolates, with notable clustering based on geographical origins and evolutionary relationships. Key virulence factors, such as shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx1 and stx2), were widely conserved, while variations in accessory genomes indicated adaptive evolution. Phylogenetic mapping traced common ancestry among outbreak-associated strains, demonstrating genomic plasticity and antimicrobial resistance trends. These findings highlight the pathogen's ability to adapt to diverse environments, maintaining its high pathogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a detailed genetic and evolutionary blueprint of E. coli O157:H7, revealing its adaptability and resilience. The identification of conserved virulence factors and resistance genes underpins the urgent need for enhanced surveillance systems. Furthermore, the evolutionary insights suggest targeted interventions could be designed to curtail the pathogen’s dissemination and outbreak severity. To mitigate the risks posed by E. coli O157:H7, it is crucial to enhance genomic surveillance and phylogenetic analysis for early outbreak detection and tracking. Public health agencies should integrate advanced sequencing technologies to identify virulence and antimicrobial resistance patterns, guiding targeted interventions. Strengthening food safety regulations and public awareness campaigns can minimize contamination risks. Collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and healthcare systems is essential for implementing evidence-based strategies to protect public health. This research underscores the critical role of genomic and phylogenetic analysis in understanding the dynamics of E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks. By unraveling its genetic diversity and evolutionary trends, the study provides actionable insights for developing precision-driven public health strategies, ultimately aiming to reduce the global burden of foodborne illnesses and improve population health outcomes.

Omoyajowo K., Omoyajowo K., Akinola A., Ogunyebi A., Alao R., Makinde O., Orekoya O., Makengo B., Akinola O., Jatau S., Ukoh S., Raimi M.

This research investigated the depth of public knowledge on genetically modified food products, and further explored their understanding of the underlining socio-environmental and public health benefits of GM food products within the socio-demographic indices. To achieve this goal, 369 respondents were recruited through a convenience sampling method in Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria and data were gathered using a structured questionnaire. The target population for this study comprised "employed adults either residing or working" on Victoria Island, Lagos. The results showed that the majority of respondents (n=232, 62.9%) were knowledgeable about GM foods and their associated issues. However, many believed that people in their neighborhood or community were not well-informed on the topic. However, awareness on GM foods and associated concerns may be associated with sociodemographic factors such as marital status and education (P<0.01). The majority of respondents were well-informed and had an understanding of the environmental and health advantages of GM foods. In fact, about 61.8% believed that GM food production could sustainably decrease the reliance on chemical pesticides, fertilizers, and other energy inputs, along with their ecological impacts. Most respondents did not feel that purchasing or consuming GM foods conflicted with their beliefs or would affect their food choices. This study recommends that the government should actively educate the public on the ecological and health benefits of GM foods and address any safety concerns. Furthermore, the government should implement strict border controls and food labeling for GM products to safeguard consumer rights arising from the preference for the consumption of organic foods. Additionally, sufficient technical and financial assistance should be provided to farmers who subscribe to the organic seeds program for bolstering national food security.

Saderi D., Mahmoud R.S., Bender G., Oladoyin O.O., Ilegbusi P.H., Rahgozar A., Roy M., Machado M., Senst B., Akpan C.A., Shaballout N., Sakilay S., Vohra S., Collier M., Raimi M.O., et. al.

Elemuwa C.O., Ainu M., Adias T.C., Abisoye Sunday O., Stella Ufuoma R., Elemuwa U.G., Christopher O., Raimi M.O., Oginifolunnia O.C., Oweibia M., Ozoemena O.V., Tochukwu Daniel E.

Rationale The efficacy of vaccination programs, particularly for diseases like HPV, hinges on widespread acceptance and uptake within communities. However, vaccine hesitancy and inadequate healthcare infrastructure pose significant barriers to achieving optimal vaccination coverage in Nigeria. Recognizing the pivotal role of community engagement in overcoming these challenges, this study aims to explore the potential of leveraging the ward health system (WHS) to enhance HPV vaccination acceptance in Nigeria. Objective The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of community-based approaches facilitated by the WHS on HPV vaccination demand and acceptance in Nigeria. Specifically, the study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of ward development committees (WDCs) in mobilizing communities, addressing vaccine hesitancy, and fostering positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination. Method A comprehensive search strategy using various scholarly search engines and sources was employed to gather relevant material. Keywords such as “Boosting Community Engagement” and “Leveraging Ward Health System Approach” guided the search process. Methodical content analysis was used to examine the texts, focusing on identifying emerging trends in community engagement related to HPV vaccination. Discourse analysis further explored the linguistic features of scholarly publications to reveal implicit content through critical thinking. This rigorous approach aimed to extract trustworthy data aligning with the study’s goals, providing a robust foundation for enhancing HPV vaccination strategies in Nigeria. Results The results of the study provide comprehensive insights into the effectiveness of community-based interventions facilitated by the WHS in driving HPV vaccination demand and acceptance. Quantitative data offer valuable information on vaccination coverage rates and factors influencing vaccine acceptance, while qualitative findings provide deeper insights into community perceptions and the role of the WHS in addressing vaccine hesitancy. Conclusions Based on the findings, conclusions drawn regarding the effectiveness of leveraging the WHS to enhance HPV vaccination acceptance in Nigeria. The study highlights the importance of community engagement and the potential of the WHS in overcoming barriers to vaccination uptake. Recommendations The study conclude with recommendations for policymakers, healthcare providers, and community leaders on strategies to optimize the role of the WHS in promoting HPV vaccination acceptance. Recommendations include strengthening WDC functionality, enhancing community outreach efforts, and fostering partnerships to support vaccination programs. Significance Statement This study holds significance as it addresses a critical gap in understanding the role of community-based approaches, particularly through the WHS, in promoting HPV vaccination acceptance in Nigeria. By providing evidence-based insights and recommendations, the study aims to inform policy and practice, ultimately assisting Nigeria in achieving universal health coverage and better health outcomes.

Evans F.G., Nkalo U.H., Amachree D., Raimi M.O.

The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of various bioremediation approaches on microbial diversity in crude oil-contaminated soil over three to six months in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The objective was to assess the impact of different bioremediation strategies on microbial populations, particularly focusing on hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and fungi. Microbial populations were quantified using serial dilution and microbial count techniques. The vapor phase transfer mechanism was employed to estimate hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and fungi. Bacterial and fungal colonies were incubated for five days, followed by biochemical tests for isolate identification. Fungal pure cultures were observed under a microscope. The study observed a significant increase in microbial populations in soil free of crude oil pollution when bioremediators such as mushrooms and earthworms were introduced. Mushrooms exhibited a 50% increase in hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria (HUB), while earthworms showed a 55% increase in HUB over the three to six-month period. The longer lifespan and nutrient absorption capabilities of earthworms facilitated faster growth. Furthermore, significant growth in the microbial population of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria and fungi was observed in crude oil-polluted soil after employing bioremediation, with the highest growth observed in soil treated with mushrooms at six months, followed by earthworms at six months. Conversely, the lowest microbial population was recorded in soil polluted with 10% crude oil and remediated with earthworms at three months. The results suggest that mushrooms and earthworms effectively increase microbial populations in crude oil-polluted soil. However, mushrooms demonstrated a higher microbial population increase compared to earthworms, especially in terms of promoting the growth of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria (HUB) and hydrocarbon-utilizing fungi (HUF). Based on the findings, it is recommended to prioritize using mushrooms as bioremediation agents in similar environmental restoration efforts due to their superior efficacy in increasing microbial populations, particularly HUB and HUF. This study underscores the potential of mushrooms and earthworms as effective bioremediation agents for restoring microbial diversity in crude oil-contaminated soil, offering insights for sustainable environmental restoration practices in oil-affected regions like Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Raimi M.O., Ezekwe I.C., Agusomu T.D., Enyinnaya O., Amakama N.J., German I.C.

UNSTRUCTURED This report presents an analysis of the institutional framework for methane emissions reduction in Nigeria, focusing on the Niger Delta region. Methane emissions in this area arise mainly from oil and gas extraction activities, particularly through gas flaring and fugitive emissions. Nigeria stands among the world’s leading methane emitters, with the Niger Delta playing a significant role due to its dense oil extraction infrastructure. However, the existing data on methane emissions remains inconsistent, revealing gaps between local assessments and satellite observations. This discrepancy hampers efforts to accurately gauge emissions and implement effective strategies for reduction. The environmental impact of methane emissions in the Niger Delta is profound, affecting air quality and contributing to climate change. Limited monitoring and reporting efforts restrict the ability to assess emissions accurately. Recent studies indicate that capturing gas from flaring could yield economic benefits and enhance public health. Nigeria’s initiatives for methane reduction, such as the 2018 Short-Lived Climate Pollutants Action Plan, aim to eliminate gas flaring by 2030. However, slow progress stems from inadequate infrastructure and enforcement challenges, highlighting the need for a more robust institutional framework. To address these challenges, stakeholders, including funding agencies, research institutions, and local communities must adopt actionable strategies to mitigate methane emissions effectively. The development of policy components should include stringent regulations, robust monitoring mechanisms, and incentives for adopting cleaner technologies. This report proposes both national and global policy statements that outline clear goals for reducing methane emissions while fostering collaboration among various stakeholders. By prioritizing transparency, education, and community engagement, Nigeria can create a cohesive framework for effectively tackling methane emissions, advancing both environmental sustainability and economic growth.

Elemuwa C.O., Raimi M.O., Ainu M., Adias T.C., Ufuoma R.S., Elemuwa U.G., Oginifolunnia O.C., Rath B.A., Obermeier P.E.

BACKGROUND The growing global emphasis on combating infectious diseases has highlighted the need for detailed analyses of outbreak patterns over time. Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, remains a critical public health challenge in Nigeria, with significant outbreaks occurring between 2017 and 2024. Understanding the trends in Mpox cases, deaths, and geographical spread provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of public health interventions, regional disparities, and demographic vulnerabilities. These findings are essential for informing ongoing and future efforts to mitigate Mpox outbreaks and improve national outbreak preparedness. OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the progression of Mpox outbreaks in Nigeria, focusing on trends in confirmed and suspected cases, deaths, and geographic distribution across states from 2017 to 2024. Additionally, the study explores changes in age and gender-specific vulnerabilities, evaluates the impact of public health interventions, and assesses the reduction in disease burden between 2022 and 2024. METHODS A multi-faceted approach was employed, leveraging epidemiological data on Mpox cases from 2017 to 2024. Year-on-year comparisons of confirmed and suspected cases, fatalities, and their geographical distribution were performed to identify trends in disease progression and containment. Geospatial mapping techniques were used to examine regional disparities in Mpox case distribution. Demographic analysis explored shifts in age and gender vulnerabilities, while public health intervention outcomes were assessed based on reductions in cases and geographic spread. RESULTS The comparative analysis from 2017 to 2024 revealed a significant 47% reduction in confirmed Mpox cases between 2023 and 2024, coupled with a notable decrease in both fatalities and geographic spread. Age-based analysis indicated a decline in disease vulnerability across younger age groups, while middle-aged males continued to show a relatively higher infection rate. A dramatic surge in cases occurred in 2022, with 762 confirmed cases, representing the peak of the outbreak. However, cases dropped significantly to 98 in 2023 and further to 40 in 2024, highlighting the success of recent public health interventions. Regional disparities remained evident, with certain states consistently showing higher case burdens, while others experienced reductions in cases, suggesting varied efficacy of local interventions. Geospatial analysis pinpointed persistent hotspots from 2017 to 2022, but a more contained spread was observed in 2023 and 2024. Additionally, gender analysis showed a consistent male predominance in cases across most age groups, with disparities becoming more pronounced in younger populations. CONCLUSIONS The sharp reduction in Mpox cases and geographical spread from 2022 to 2024 reflects the positive impact of targeted public health interventions, including vaccination and containment strategies. However, persistent regional and gender disparities suggest that certain populations remain at higher risk, warranting continued monitoring and tailored interventions. Sustained efforts are necessary to prevent future outbreaks, maintain the progress achieved in reducing Mpox cases, and address the factors contributing to these disparities. To further reduce Mpox transmission and prevent future outbreaks, it is essential to strengthen disease surveillance systems in regions identified as consistent hotspots, ensuring rapid detection and response. Public health interventions should be tailored to address gender disparities, particularly the higher infection rates observed among males, while expanding vaccination campaigns and health education initiatives in high-burden areas. Additionally, targeted efforts must investigate the behavioral and biological factors contributing to male vulnerability, especially among younger populations. Sustained focus on these strategies will be critical to maintaining the progress achieved and closing the gaps in disease control. This study provides a comprehensive, multi-year analysis of Mpox outbreaks in Nigeria, offering critical insights into the effectiveness of public health interventions, regional disparities, and demographic trends. The findings underscore the importance of geospatial data in understanding disease distribution and controlling infectious outbreaks. The significant case reduction from 2022 to 2024 highlights the success of ongoing public health measures, while also emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and adaptive strategies to maintain and further improve disease control.

Duanyo T.V., Raimi A.G., Udensi E.O., Udensi L.O., Abdulraheem F.A., Ojong-Ejoh M.U., Ndukwu V.N., Raimi M.O.

BACKGROUND With the increasing reliance on online platforms for health information, understanding user satisfaction, perceived benefits, and associated risks is critical for promoting informed health-seeking behaviors. This study seeks to address the gap in knowledge regarding users' perceptions of online health information and the factors influencing their trust in these sources. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate users' satisfaction with online health information sources, identify the perceived benefits and risks associated with seeking health information online, and investigate the factors influencing trust in these information sources. Additionally, the study will explore how these perceptions impact users' health-seeking behaviors. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of 376 respondents, using structured questionnaires to collect data on satisfaction levels, types of health information sought, perceived benefits and risks, and trust in online health information sources. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses were utilized to analyze the data RESULTS The findings indicate that a significant proportion of respondents reported high levels of satisfaction with online health information sources, with 52.1% somewhat agreeing and 18.6% agreeing with their overall satisfaction. The most sought types of information included specific medical conditions (27.4%) and symptoms (36.7%). Benefits of online health information were primarily identified as convenience and accessibility, while risks included misinformation and lack of accountability. Trust in information sources was found to be significantly correlated with perceived reliability and the anonymity of the information source. CONCLUSIONS Overall, users express satisfaction with online health information sources, recognizing both benefits and risks associated with their use. Trust emerges as a critical factor influencing satisfaction and health behaviors. It is recommended that health information providers improve the reliability and accountability of online health information to enhance user trust and satisfaction. Public health initiatives should also aim to educate users on evaluating online health information critically. This study underscores the importance of understanding users' perceptions of online health information, which can inform strategies to enhance the quality and effectiveness of digital health communication.

Okagbue H.I., Erekosima G., Sampson S., Atuhaire B., Samuel O., Chimezie B., Dauda M., Jimoh A., Ogbu G., Ayuba J., Shinshima I.

Abstract Background The Nigerian Federal Government planned to launch the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine on September 25, 2023. We therefore aimed to assess caregiver awareness and willingness regarding HPV vaccine uptake for girls aged 9–14 across eight states (Abia, Adamawa, Bayelsa, Benue, Enugu, FCT, Jigawa, and Taraba), evaluating public readiness for the vaccine rollout. Methods A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted in the eight states using a structured questionnaire. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure representation from each state’s three senatorial districts. Adult participants’ socio-demographic characteristics—including their relationship to the child, gender, settlement type (rural/urban), and age group—were analyzed. Local Government Area and Senatorial Zone were used solely for geographical representation. Awareness, perceived severity, susceptibility, and willingness for HPV vaccine uptake were calculated based on questionnaire responses. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, ordinal and linear regression, and mediation regression were applied to derive results. Results Our findings indicated low general HPV awareness but high willingness for vaccine uptake among caregivers. Northern states exhibited higher awareness, perceived severity, susceptibility, and willingness compared to Southern states. Significant differences emerged across states in awareness and willingness, with positive correlations observed among awareness, severity, susceptibility, and willingness. Multiple linear regression revealed that awareness does not directly predict willingness, while mediation regression demonstrated that awareness indirectly influences willingness through severity and susceptibility. The study’s implications were analyzed using the Health Belief Model (HBM). Conclusion Our survey found geopolitical disparities in HPV awareness and willingness across Nigeria. Future interventions should prioritize emphasizing the severity and susceptibility of HPV-related diseases, particularly in low-resource settings. Providing accurate information from trusted sources and addressing misconceptions through evidence-based strategies can enhance informed decision-making regarding HPV vaccination.

Akhigbe E.O., Izah S.C., Ogidi O.I., Iyingiala A., Raimi M.O.

Edible fungi, especially medicinal mushrooms, have a wide range of bioactive phytoconstituents that have the potential to provide health advantages, particularly in combating chronic conditions. Multiple edible mushrooms are being researched for their anticancer effects and have been the focus of multiple clinical trials. Mushrooms possess antimicrobial properties, strengthen the immune system, and reduce cholesterol levels. Recent medical studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory benefits of edible mushrooms. Polysaccharides derived from mushrooms are recognized for their significant immunomodulating effects on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This chapter examines a thorough evaluation of the bioactive phytoconstituents found in edible mushrooms, along with their ability to modulate the immune system. It also discusses the methods by which these mushrooms support the immune system, the many species of edible mushrooms, and their properties for enhancing immune function. The chapter also examines scientific studies about the role of edible mushrooms in immunological support, potential allergies and sensitivities, as well as challenges, limitations, and future perspectives of immune-boosting properties of edible mushrooms.

Ugwu C.L., Bragazzi N.L., Wu J., Kong J.D., Asgary A., Orbinski J., Woldegerima W.A.

BackgroundMpox emerged as a significant global public health concern during the 2022–2023 outbreak, impacting populations in both endemic and non-endemic countries. This study reviews and synthesises evidence on the risk factors associated with human Mpox transmission across these regions.MethodsA systematic search of peer-reviewed original studies was conducted across Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and PubMed databases, covering publications up to 31 March 2024. The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Two authors independently screened the articles by title, abstract and full text. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale used to assess the risk of bias for included articles. Fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis was conducted when at least two studies reported ORs or relative risks, with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed using theI2statistic. This study was registered on PROSPERO (ID:CRD42023459895).ResultsThe systematic review identified 947 articles through database searches, of which 31 met our inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed significant risk factors associated with Mpox infection. Interaction with infected animals (OR=5.61, 95% CI 2.83, 11.13), HIV infection (OR=4.46, 95% CI 3.27, 6.08), other sexually transmitted infections (OR=1.76, 95% CI 1.42, 2.19), unprotected sexual activities (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.13, 2.07), contact with an infected person (OR=2.39, 95% CI 1.87, 3.05), identification as men who have sex with men (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.88, 2.51) and having multiple sexual partners (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.24, 2.09) were associated with increased Mpox infection risk. Conversely, smallpox vaccination was associated with a significantly reduced risk of Mpox infection (OR=0.24, 95% CI 0.11, 0.55).ConclusionIdentification of risk factors associated with Mpox provides insights for strategic public health planning, enabling targeted interventions for high-risk groups and optimising resource allocation to strengthen Mpox control efforts.

Hari Raj M.R., Karunanidhi D., Rao N.S., Subramani T.

Santana D.B., Lense G.H., Rios G.D., Archanjo R.E., Raniero M., Santana A.B., Rubira F.G., Ayer J.E., Mincato R.L.

Water erosion has severe impacts on soil and the carbon cycle. In tropical regions, it is significantly influenced by rainfall, soil erodibility, rapid changes in land use and land cover (LULC), and agricultural management practices. Understanding the dynamics of water erosion is essential for implementing precise land degradation control. This study aimed to estimate soil and soil organic carbon (SOC) losses due to water erosion over five years in a coffee-producing area in Brazil using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). The results revealed that average soil losses in coffee plantation areas ranged from 1.77 to 1.80 Mg ha−1 yr−1, classified as very low. Total and potential soil loss ranged from 2184.60 to 6657.14 Mg ha−1, a 305% difference, demonstrating the efficiency of vegetative cover (C factor) and conservation practices (P factor) in reducing soil loss rates. SOC losses were less than 200 kg ha−1 yr−1, with averages of 17.67 and 13.00 kg ha−1 yr−1 in coffee areas. In conclusion, agricultural management practices, such as the presence of native vegetation, maintaining vegetative cover in coffee rows, contour planting, and improving agronomic techniques, are essential for reducing soil and SOC losses, even in scenarios of biennial alternation in coffee production. Thus, sustainable agricultural management plays a crucial role in mitigating water erosion, maintaining productivity, and addressing climate change.

Hutton A., Maud K., Giggins H., Skipp M., Verdon-Kidd D.

Abstract Australia is a significant hotspot for heatwaves due to its geographical location and pronounced climatic variability, and heatwave exposure is expected to further increase in the future with anthropogenic climate change. With the intent to support United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 3 (Good health and well-being) and 13 (Climate action), in this study we identified key challenges and opportunities for adapting to heatwaves, focusing on the most vulnerable members of our community—older adults. A naturalistic, qualitative approach was selected for this study. Data were collected via semistructured interviews. Key insights were captured through a series of semistructured interviews with key informants from local government agencies and community groups that provide care for older adults in New South Wales, Australia. Questions centered around current preventative measures adopted by the organization regarding heatwaves, level of heatwave knowledge of local residents, and common effects of heatwaves in the local community. The findings highlight four primary challenges: (1) increasing duration and intensity of heatwaves; (2) lack of knowledge among older adults regarding symptoms and the effect on the body; (3) the financial and social impacts of heatwaves; and (4) inadequate urban planning practices and building codes including the need for the creation of cool and green spaces. This study provides important insights for protecting our most vulnerable populations from the growing threat of heatwaves.

Rathnayake R.M., Amarathunga A.A., De Silva D.S., McGoran A.R., Bakir A., Sivyer D.B., Reeve C., Narangoda S.R.

The prevalence and fate of microplastics in macrophytes are insufficiently understood, and data on the abundance of microplastic (MP) accumulation in macrophyte ecosystems are urgently needed to fill this knowledge gap. The main objectives of this study were to quantify and characterize the microplastics that accumulate in macrophytes, associated sediments, and water in Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka. The investigation was conducted with specialized sampling and extraction techniques. Microplastics were detected by the fluorescence tagging of polymers using Nile red, and polymer identification was conducted by ATR-µFTIR and ATR-FTIR. This study revealed variations in microplastic abundance across different macrophyte species. Gracilaria sp. had a higher abundance of 9 ± 3 items g−1 wet weight, followed by Chaetomorpha sp. at 8 ± 3 items g−1 wet weight and Halodule pinifolia at 6 ± 1 items g−1 wet weight. The root surfaces of these species had slightly similar levels of abundance. Both blue and transparent microplastics were predominant. Fragments (>47%) were found at a higher percentage in macrophyte samples, but high fiber contents (>60%) were found in associated sediment and water samples. Nevertheless, macrophyte samples contained a higher percentage of fragments in the size range of 50–150 μm. This comprehensive study contributes to expanding our awareness regarding the influence of microplastic pollution on macrophyte ecosystems.

Fubara G.E., Amachree D., Soberekon I.J., Akhigbe E.O., Nicholas D.O., Eli A.A., Okoro E., Gamage I.E., Nathaniel A.M., Raimi M.O.

Moriarity R.J., Wilton M.J., Tsuji L.J., Sarkar A., Liberda E.N.

Muposhi V.K., Hambira W.L., Moalafhi D.B., Abdeta A.A., Mosepele K.

This synthesis chapter presents a summary and analysis of the broader themes of environmental change and biodiversity conservation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. It underscores the region’s critical role in sustaining global biodiversity, as explored in various sections of the volume. Emphasizing the complex interplay of human activities, climate change, and ecosystem dynamics, the chapter advocates for integrated and adaptive conservation strategies that blend contemporary science with traditional knowledge. It highlights the necessity of community engagement, innovative technological solutions, and holistic approaches to address biodiversity loss and promote sustainable development, reflecting broader issues covered throughout the volume. These strategies are crucial for enhancing ecosystem resilience, supporting socio-economic stability, and mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic pressures. The chapter calls for a systemic approach that recognizes the interdependence of ecological, social, and economic systems, promoting policies that balance conservation goals with human needs. It further highlights the critical need to enhance governance structures, secure sustainable financial resources, and foster interdisciplinary collaboration to address the complex environmental challenges facing sub-Saharan Africa. By aligning local actions with global sustainability goals, the region can significantly contribute to halting biodiversity loss and ensuring a resilient and biodiverse planet for future generations.

Hambira W.L., Muposhi V.K., Moalafhi D.B., Abdeta A.A., Mosepele K.

This chapter highlights the interlinkages between environmental change and biodiversity loss given sub-Saharan Africa’s comparative advantage in biodiversity and associated ecosystem services. The region’s biodiversity is characterized by intrinsic and instrumental values essential for fostering sustainable coexistence between humans and nature, highlighting the need for sustainable utilization. The Anthropocene epoch where human-induced alterations in biodiversity in response to escalating socio-economic demands has resulted in habitat conversion, overexploitation of resources, climate change, invasive species, and other factors, consequently threatening nature’s ability to sustain human well-being. This underscores the unique position of sub-Saharan Africa in the context of global biodiversity and sustainability, especially in promoting conservation strategies that are both equitable and sustainable. Addressing global environmental change and biodiversity conservation necessitates urgent and comprehensive transformations in economic, social, and political spheres. These changes are critical to meeting sustainability goals at national, regional, and global levels, particularly in the context of the Anthropocene and sustainable range and forest management.

Iqbal M.Z., Singh K., Chandra R.

Oke O.G., Akinpelu B.A., Adewole M.B.

Rahman A.U., Khan N.U., Khan M., Khan Z.U., Basit A., Panichayupakaranant P.

The safety assessment of herbal products is critical for their appropriate pharmacological applications. Garcinia cowa Roxb., commonly known as Cha-muang in Thai, has ethnopharmacological relevance in inflammation, infectious diseases, and diabetes. The leaf extracts of G. cowa have been extensively reported for their anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidative effects. Notably, chamuangone is their major active constituent that contributes to various pharmacological properties.

Tahir M.F., Al Bakri Abdullah M.M., Sandu A.V., Nergiș D.D., Razak R.A., Shamsuddin S.A.

This chapter discusses the potential valorization of copper mine tailings as a sustainable road construction material through geopolymerization, and addresses environmental, technological, and economic challenges. Geoploymerization mitigates heavy metal pollution and acid mine drainage by transforming waste into usable materials, reducing the need for large storage facilities and minimizing contaminant release. Technological hurdles include tailoring geopolymerization methods to accommodate varying tailings compositions and optimizing alkali activators to meet mechanical and durability standards for road construction. Economic factors involve the reactivity of tailings, value retention from original ores, and potential contamination risks. Future research aims to scale laboratory successes to real-world applications, enhance public trust in geopolymer, and conduct comprehensive environmental assessments.

Elemuwa C.O., Raimi M.O., Ainu M., Adias T.C., Ufuoma R.S., Elemuwa U.G., Oginifolunnia O.C., Rath B.A., Obermeier P.E.

BACKGROUND The growing global emphasis on combating infectious diseases has highlighted the need for detailed analyses of outbreak patterns over time. Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, remains a critical public health challenge in Nigeria, with significant outbreaks occurring between 2017 and 2024. Understanding the trends in Mpox cases, deaths, and geographical spread provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of public health interventions, regional disparities, and demographic vulnerabilities. These findings are essential for informing ongoing and future efforts to mitigate Mpox outbreaks and improve national outbreak preparedness. OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the progression of Mpox outbreaks in Nigeria, focusing on trends in confirmed and suspected cases, deaths, and geographic distribution across states from 2017 to 2024. Additionally, the study explores changes in age and gender-specific vulnerabilities, evaluates the impact of public health interventions, and assesses the reduction in disease burden between 2022 and 2024. METHODS A multi-faceted approach was employed, leveraging epidemiological data on Mpox cases from 2017 to 2024. Year-on-year comparisons of confirmed and suspected cases, fatalities, and their geographical distribution were performed to identify trends in disease progression and containment. Geospatial mapping techniques were used to examine regional disparities in Mpox case distribution. Demographic analysis explored shifts in age and gender vulnerabilities, while public health intervention outcomes were assessed based on reductions in cases and geographic spread. RESULTS The comparative analysis from 2017 to 2024 revealed a significant 47% reduction in confirmed Mpox cases between 2023 and 2024, coupled with a notable decrease in both fatalities and geographic spread. Age-based analysis indicated a decline in disease vulnerability across younger age groups, while middle-aged males continued to show a relatively higher infection rate. A dramatic surge in cases occurred in 2022, with 762 confirmed cases, representing the peak of the outbreak. However, cases dropped significantly to 98 in 2023 and further to 40 in 2024, highlighting the success of recent public health interventions. Regional disparities remained evident, with certain states consistently showing higher case burdens, while others experienced reductions in cases, suggesting varied efficacy of local interventions. Geospatial analysis pinpointed persistent hotspots from 2017 to 2022, but a more contained spread was observed in 2023 and 2024. Additionally, gender analysis showed a consistent male predominance in cases across most age groups, with disparities becoming more pronounced in younger populations. CONCLUSIONS The sharp reduction in Mpox cases and geographical spread from 2022 to 2024 reflects the positive impact of targeted public health interventions, including vaccination and containment strategies. However, persistent regional and gender disparities suggest that certain populations remain at higher risk, warranting continued monitoring and tailored interventions. Sustained efforts are necessary to prevent future outbreaks, maintain the progress achieved in reducing Mpox cases, and address the factors contributing to these disparities. To further reduce Mpox transmission and prevent future outbreaks, it is essential to strengthen disease surveillance systems in regions identified as consistent hotspots, ensuring rapid detection and response. Public health interventions should be tailored to address gender disparities, particularly the higher infection rates observed among males, while expanding vaccination campaigns and health education initiatives in high-burden areas. Additionally, targeted efforts must investigate the behavioral and biological factors contributing to male vulnerability, especially among younger populations. Sustained focus on these strategies will be critical to maintaining the progress achieved and closing the gaps in disease control. This study provides a comprehensive, multi-year analysis of Mpox outbreaks in Nigeria, offering critical insights into the effectiveness of public health interventions, regional disparities, and demographic trends. The findings underscore the importance of geospatial data in understanding disease distribution and controlling infectious outbreaks. The significant case reduction from 2022 to 2024 highlights the success of ongoing public health measures, while also emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and adaptive strategies to maintain and further improve disease control.

Kakwi J.D., Yakasai K.M., Kakwi J.D., Raimi M.O.

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated widespread vaccination campaigns to mitigate its effects. While various strategies were employed to encourage vaccine uptake, including digital media campaigns, promotion efforts, and community outreach programs, there is limited understanding of the comparative effectiveness of these methods in increasing vaccination rates, particularly in Nigeria. This study aimed to examine the relationships between these strategies and COVID-19 vaccination uptake in a sample population. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze the relationships between digital media campaigns, community outreach programs, and promotion efforts on COVID-19 vaccination uptake, and to determine which strategy had the most significant impact on increasing vaccination rates in Nigeria. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 300 respondents was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to summarize the demographic characteristics of the sample and inferential statistics, including Spearman’s correlation and regression analysis, to assess the relationships between the three strategies and vaccination uptake. Non-parametric tests were used to account for non-normal distribution of data. RESULTS The study found that promotion efforts had the strongest correlation with COVID-19 vaccination uptake (Spearman’s rho = 0.490, p < 0.01), followed by community outreach programs (Spearman’s rho = 0.414, p < 0.01), and digital media campaigns (Spearman’s rho = 0.239, p < 0.01). Regression analysis showed that digital media campaigns accounted for 5.7% of the variance in vaccination uptake (R² = 0.057), indicating a modest but statistically significant effect. CONCLUSIONS All three strategies namely digital media campaigns, promotion efforts, and community outreach programs had significant positive associations with COVID-19 vaccination uptake. However, promotion efforts were found to be the most effective. Digital media campaigns, while statistically significant, had the weakest correlation. Future vaccination campaigns should prioritize promotion efforts, particularly targeted and localized strategies, to improve vaccine uptake. Community outreach programs should also be enhanced, especially for younger and less-educated populations. Digital media campaigns, though less impactful, remain a valuable tool for reaching broader audiences. This study provides critical insights into the relative effectiveness of various vaccine promotion strategies in Nigeria. The findings emphasize the importance of tailored promotion efforts and community engagement to enhance public health interventions, particularly in low-resource settings.

John A.E., Jatau S.S., Kakwi J.D., Abdulraheem F.A., Raimi M.O.

Awogbami S.O., Ogunyemi O., Adebayo P.A., Raimi M.O.

BACKGROUND Gold mining activities in Osun State, Nigeria, have led to significant environmental changes that may pose health risks to both miners and non-miners in the surrounding communities. Given the growing concern about the health implications of exposure to environmental hazards associated with mining, it is crucial to assess these impacts to develop targeted health and environmental interventions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the relationships between exposure to environmental hazards resulting from gold mining activities and the prevalence of associated health problems among miners and non-miners in Osun State, Nigeria. The study uses quantitative data analysis to identify key risk factors influencing health outcomes and inform appropriate public health strategies and policy actions. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving the collection of quantitative data from both miners and non-miners in Osun State. A structured questionnaire was used to assess exposure to environmental hazards, including polluted water sources, noise, ground vibrations, and dust inhalation. Health outcomes such as joint pain, malaria, and general weakness were also recorded. The data were analyzed using statistical techniques, including correlation and regression analysis, to identify significant relationships between exposure and health outcomes. Demographic variables such as age and duration of residence were included to evaluate their influence on vulnerability to environmental risks. RESULTS The findings reveal that environmental hazards such as drinking from polluted water bodies (R = 0.172, p = 0.003), exposure to noise and ground vibrations (R = 0.220, p = 0.000), and inhalation of dust (R = 0.288, p = 0.000) are significantly correlated with various health issues, including joint pain (77.3%), malaria (73.0%), and general weakness (69.0%). The presence of particles in surrounding water bodies (R = 0.354, p = 0.000) was the strongest predictor of health problems. Key demographic factors, such as age and duration of residence, further influence vulnerability to these environmental risks. CONCLUSIONS The study concludes that multiple environmental hazards associated with gold mining activities significantly impact the health of both miners and non-miners in Osun State, Nigeria. Although some correlations are moderate to weak, their significance underscores the cumulative risk posed by different environmental exposures. Urgent interventions are needed to address water quality, reduce particulate matter, and enhance safety regulations in mining operations to protect public health. The study recommends implementing stringent regulations for mining operations, including monitoring and controlling water and air quality. Community awareness programs should be launched to educate residents about the risks associated with exposure to mining-related hazards. Additionally, providing alternative safe water sources, establishing better ventilation practices in mines, and enforcing occupational safety standards can help mitigate the identified health risks. This study highlights the critical health risks posed by environmental hazards associated with gold mining activities in Osun State, Nigeria. By identifying key risk factors such as water and air pollution, noise, and unsafe mining practices, the study provides essential insights for developing targeted interventions to protect public health. The findings emphasize the need for a coordinated approach involving policy enforcement, community education, and sustainable mining practices to mitigate the adverse health effects on both miners and non-miners in the affected communities.

Eli A.A., Agusomu T.D., Enyinnaya O., Omidiji A.O., Nicholas D.O., Ojile M.O., Soberekon I.J., Tonpagamo T.T., Gamage I.E., Oyibo C., Bariweni P.A., Markmanuel D.P., Raimi M.O.

Oweibia M., Elemuwa U.G., Akpan E., Daniel E.T., Oruikor G.J., Tarimobowei E., Okoho E.E., Elemuwa C.O., Raimi M.O., Babatunde A.A.

Rationale This study critically examines Nigeria’s journey towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since their inception. Nigeria, a United Nations member state and a major oil producer, faces challenges like socio-economic disparities, political instability, corruption, and prevalent poverty, despite its cultural richness and natural resources. Objectives The primary aim is to evaluate Nigeria’s alignment with the SDGs within its national development frameworks, highlighting the significance of these goals in addressing the country’s multifaceted developmental challenges. These challenges span various sectors including poverty, health, education, and environmental sustainability. Methods The study conducts a detailed analysis of Nigeria’s background, including its cultural diversity and developmental hurdles. It reviews national policies and initiatives, notably the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP), and the role of the Ministry of Budget and National Planning in coordinating SDG efforts. Results Findings suggest partial progress in SDG integration within Nigeria’s development plans. While some strides have been made in areas like policy alignment and strategic planning, challenges persist in effective implementation and tackling systemic issues like inequality and corruption. Conclusion The analysis reveals that, while Nigeria has made efforts to incorporate the SDGs into national policies, significant gaps remain in addressing key challenges. The complexity of Nigeria’s socio-economic and political landscape presents both hurdles and opportunities for sustainable development. Recommendations The study advocates for more robust policy implementation, enhanced stakeholder engagement, and targeted strategies to overcome specific challenges. By addressing these areas, Nigeria can accelerate its progress towards the SDGs, paving the way for comprehensive and sustainable national development.

Amakama N.J., Raimi M.O., Isa L.M., Petrica A., Babatunde A.A., Jatau S.S., Abdulraheem F.A.

Abaya S.T., Ogoina D., Stow J., Abaye B.B., Emeka C., Raimi M.O.

BACKGROUND Bayelsa State, located in Nigeria's Niger Delta region, had never reported a Lassa fever (LF) outbreak despite the country's 54-year history of such occurrences. This study examines the public health response components to the first-ever LF outbreak in Bayelsa State. OBJECTIVE To describe the public health strategies and challenges encountered during the management of Bayelsa State's first Lassa fever outbreak METHODS This descriptive observational study was conducted from February 8th to April 20th, 2023, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Sociodemographic, clinical, and public health data were collected from suspected and confirmed LF cases, including their contacts. Additionally, the study reviewed and documented the public health response plans, activities, and experiences during the outbreak RESULTS A total of 37 suspected cases were reported, with two confirmed positive via PCR. The index case was laboratory-confirmed approximately nine weeks after symptom onset and tragically passed away five days after her third hospital admission, just a day after diagnosis. The second case, a contact of the index, fully recovered following a mild illness. Among 95 identified contacts, 70 were categorized as high-risk, and 15 exhibited symptoms. All 20 contacts who were tested returned negative results. The outbreak was managed using a multidisciplinary One Health approach aligned with Nigeria’s LF emergency preparedness and response framework. One death was recorded, and 21 contacts were tested. Challenges included low suspicion among healthcare workers, inadequate infection control practices, insufficient personal protective equipment (PPE), shortages of medical commodities, and lack of funding. CONCLUSIONS All communities within LF-endemic countries, regardless of prior outbreak status, must bolster their preparedness. Emphasis should be placed on preemptive sensitization and training of healthcare workers and investing in the sustainable availability of LF epidemic response commodities. Enhance preemptive healthcare worker sensitization and training in LF non-endemic regions, ensure sustainable availability of PPEs and other LF response commodities as well as strengthen infection control practices and outbreak response funding. This study highlights the importance of preparedness and rapid response, even in regions previously unaffected by LF outbreaks, to minimize the impact of emerging infectious diseases.

Okechukwu C.O., Ainu M., Adias T.C., Elemuwa C.O., Rotifa S.U., Ogbointuwei C., Raimi M.O., Oweibia M., Alabo A.F., Okoyen E., Appah W.W.

BACKGROUND The introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, aimed to combat the high incidence of acute watery diarrhea and associated mortality in children under five. This vaccine initiative responds to the urgent need for effective prevention measures in a region with a history of severe diarrheal disease outbreaks, including cholera. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the impact of the rotavirus vaccine on the incidence of acute watery diarrhea among children under five in Bayelsa State. Specifically, it seeks to determine the vaccine's effectiveness, assess the coverage and distribution across the state's, local government areas (LGAs) and wards, and analyze the role of Advocacy, Communication, and Social Mobilization (ACSM) in promoting vaccine uptake. METHODS The study employed data from the District Health Information System 2 (DHIS 2) to analyze the incidence of watery diarrhea before and after the vaccine's introduction in January 2023. The coverage and dropout rates of the vaccine were assessed across various LGAs and wards. Facility-level data on acute watery diarrhea cases and vaccination rates were examined to draw conclusions about the vaccine's impact. RESULTS Post-vaccine introduction, there was a notable decline in acute watery diarrhea cases from 424 in December 2022 to 212 in June 2023, indicating the vaccine's effectiveness. However, the disease persists, with the state achieving only 53% coverage of the rotavirus vaccine by June 2023, falling short of the 95% target. The dropout rate was 9%, with disparities in coverage and dropout rates observed across different LGAs. For instance, Brass LGA had a coverage rate of 107%, while Ekeremor LGA had a dropout rate of 23.85%. CONCLUSIONS The rotavirus vaccine introduction in Bayelsa State has significantly reduced acute watery diarrhea incidence among children under five, demonstrating its effectiveness. However, the current vaccine coverage is insufficient to achieve herd immunity, necessitating enhanced ACSM efforts to boost demand and uptake. Recommendations: To improve the impact of the rotavirus vaccine, it is crucial to intensify ACSM activities to raise awareness and demand for vaccination. Strategies should focus on increasing coverage rates to at least 95%, reducing dropout rates, and ensuring equitable vaccine distribution across all LGAs and wards. Continuous monitoring and evaluation should be conducted to track progress and address challenges in vaccine administration. Significance Statement: This study underscores the vital role of the rotavirus vaccine in reducing childhood morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal diseases in Bayelsa State. The findings highlight the importance of robust immunization programs and effective public health strategies in combating infectious diseases in resource-limited settings. Enhanced vaccine coverage and sustained public health efforts are essential to achieving long-term health improvements for vulnerable populations.

Clinton-Ezekwe I.C., Raimi M.O., Ezekwe I.C., Osu C.I., Ordinioha B.

BACKGROUND The quality of groundwater in the Mgbede Oil Fields of South-south Nigeria has become a concern due to potential contamination from industrial activities, particularly gas flaring. Assessing the impact of these activities on groundwater quality is crucial for ensuring the health and safety of local communities and the environment. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the quality of groundwater in the Mgbede Oil Fields, specifically examining whether the water meets international drinking water standards and identifying any contaminants present due to gas flaring. METHODS Purposeful selection of water sampling points was employed to ensure the objectives of the study were met. Groundwater samples were collected from various locations within the Mgbede Oil Fields and analyzed for key quality parameters, including pH, manganese, and turbidity, among others. RESULTS The analysis revealed that while most groundwater samples were within acceptable international drinking water limits, there were notable exceptions. pH levels ranged from 5.17 to 6.16, manganese concentrations from 0.001 to 0.136 mg/L, and turbidity levels from 0.00 to 825 mg/L. All sampled locations exhibited traces of manganese and high acidity, indicating particulate pollution likely resulting from gas flaring activities. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that the groundwater quality in the Mgbede Oil Fields is negatively impacted by continuous gas flaring. Contaminants such as manganese and increased acidity levels exceed acceptable international standards, posing potential risks to environmental health. To mitigate these risks, it is recommended that immediate measures be taken to reduce gas flaring and its associated particulate emissions. Regular monitoring of groundwater quality should be implemented to track improvements and ensure compliance with international standards. Additionally, introducing filtration systems or alternative water sources could help protect the health of local communities. This study underscores the significant impact of industrial activities, specifically gas flaring, on groundwater quality in the Mgbede Oil Fields. The findings highlight the urgent need for regulatory measures and continuous monitoring to safeguard environmental health and ensure the availability of safe drinking water.

Dine R.D., Elkheir L.Y., Raimi M.O., Alemayehu M., Mohamed S.Y., Turzin J.K., Arogundade F.Q., Ochola E.A., Nasiyo A.M., Mwawanga R.Q., Yabo Y.A.

Elemuwa U.G., Ehijie E., Elemuwa C.O., Elemuwa T.D., Raimi M.O.

Rationale: Pentavalent vaccines offer significant public health benefits by protecting against five major diseases with a single injection. However, concerns have been raised in various studies regarding potential associations between combined vaccines and conditions such as autism, febrile seizures, sudden unexpected death in infancy, demyelinating disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the safety of pentavalent vaccines administered to infants aged between 6 and 14 weeks. Methods: A total of 423 infants, all aged 6 weeks and receiving their first pentavalent vaccine at selected healthcare facilities, were recruited for the study after obtaining informed consent from their mothers or caregivers. The infants were administered three doses of the vaccine at 6, 10, and 14 weeks. Mothers and caregivers were provided with diaries and thermometers to monitor and record any Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) observed in their babies after each vaccine dose. Follow-up was conducted through telephone calls to ensure accurate monitoring and recording of any identified events. Results: The study identified various AEFIs in the infants following their routine immunizations. These included pain at the injection site, fever, swelling at the injection site, vomiting, refusal to feed, excessive crying, coughing, rash, stooling, restlessness, and severe local reactions. Fever was the most commonly reported systemic AEFI, with incidence rates decreasing from 66.98% after the first dose to 55.37% after the third dose. Pain and swelling at the injection site were the most frequently reported local AEFIs, with their incidence also decreasing from the first to the third doses. No statistically significant differences were observed in the occurrence of AEFIs across the three doses. Conclusions: The pentavalent vaccine was found to be safe for infants in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria, with the observed AEFIs being generally mild and decreasing in frequency with subsequent doses. Recommendations: Further studies should be conducted to monitor long-term safety and potential rare adverse effects of pentavalent vaccines. Additionally, public health education should emphasize the safety and benefits of pentavalent vaccines to increase vaccination rates and reduce vaccine hesitancy. Significance Statement: This study underscores the safety of pentavalent vaccines in infants, reinforcing their role in preventing multiple serious diseases through a single immunization schedule. The findings support the continued use and promotion of pentavalent vaccines in public health programs, particularly in regions with high infant mortality rates and limited healthcare resources.

Elemuwa C.O., Ainu M., Adias T.C., Ufuoma R.S., Sunday O.A., Elemuwa U.G., Henshaw A., Adebisi O.L., Oyetunde A.B., Raimi M.O.

RATIONALE: Universal health coverage hinges on the strength and resilience of primary healthcare systems, acting as the foundational access point for healthcare seekers at the grassroots level. Central to this infrastructure are medical laboratory services, pivotal in accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and patient health monitoring. However, in the context of Nigeria's primary healthcare transformation agenda, there exist critical gaps in optimizing primary healthcare (PHC) laboratories. This paper delves into the role of PHC laboratories within the health services continuum, identifies key shortcomings, and proposes solutions to bridge these gaps. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to elucidate the indispensable role of medical laboratory services within primary care settings, particularly in Nigeria's healthcare landscape. It seeks to analyze the current status of PHC laboratories, pinpoint areas for improvement, and offer actionable recommendations for enhancing their efficacy. METHOD: The study employs a comprehensive literature review coupled with qualitative analysis to examine the significance of PHC laboratories in primary healthcare delivery. It scrutinizes existing literature, policy documents, and empirical studies to identify challenges and potential solutions in optimizing PHC laboratory services. RESULTS: The analysis underscores the vital contribution of PHC laboratories in facilitating early diagnosis, effective disease management, and preventive healthcare measures. It highlights systemic deficiencies in Nigeria's primary healthcare system, particularly the neglect and underutilization of PHC laboratories, hindering the realization of universal health coverage. CONCLUSIONS: PHC laboratories are integral to the provision of quality primary healthcare services, yet they are often overlooked in policy frameworks and resource allocation. Addressing this oversight is paramount to enhancing the effectiveness and accessibility of healthcare services, thereby advancing the goal of universal health coverage. RECOMMENDATIONS: To address the shortcomings identified, it is imperative to prioritize PHC laboratories within the Nigeria Primary Healthcare transformation agenda. This entails the recruitment of skilled laboratorians, strategic mapping, and equipping of PHC facilities, in alignment with the Basic Healthcare Provision Fund (BHCPF). Moreover, there is a need for sustained financial provisions and policy support to ensure the inclusion and functionality of PHC laboratories nationwide. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study underscores the critical role of PHC laboratories in primary healthcare delivery, particularly in the context of Nigeria. By highlighting key challenges and proposing actionable recommendations, it aims to inform policymakers, healthcare practitioners, and stakeholders about the imperative of optimizing PHC laboratory services for the realization of universal health coverage.

Oweibia M., Elemuwa U.G., Akpan E., Daniel E.T., Oruikor G.J., Tarimobowei E., Okoho E.E., Elemuwa C.O., Raimi M.O., Babatunde A.

RATIONALE: This study critically examines Nigeria's journey towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since their inception. Nigeria, a United Nations member state and a major oil producer, faces challenges like socio-economic disparities, political instability, corruption, and prevalent poverty, despite its cultural richness and natural resources. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim is to evaluate Nigeria's alignment with the SDGs within its national development frameworks, highlighting the significance of these goals in addressing the country's multifaceted developmental challenges. These challenges span various sectors including poverty, health, education, and environmental sustainability. METHODS: The study conducts a detailed analysis of Nigeria's background, including its cultural diversity and developmental hurdles. It reviews national policies and initiatives, notably the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP), and the role of the Ministry of Budget and National Planning in coordinating SDG efforts. RESULTS: Findings suggest partial progress in SDG integration within Nigeria’s development plans. While some strides have been made in areas like policy alignment and strategic planning, challenges persist in effective implementation and tackling systemic issues like inequality and corruption. CONCLUSION: The analysis reveals that, while Nigeria has made efforts to incorporate the SDGs into national policies, significant gaps remain in addressing key challenges. The complexity of Nigeria's socio-economic and political landscape presents both hurdles and opportunities for sustainable development. RECOMMENDATIONS: The study advocates for more robust policy implementation, enhanced stakeholder engagement, and targeted strategies to overcome specific challenges. By addressing these areas, Nigeria can accelerate its progress towards the SDGs, paving the way for comprehensive and sustainable national development.

Izah S.C., Ogidi O.I., Ogwu M.C., Salimon S.S., Yusuf Z.M., Akram M., Raimi M.O., Iyingiala A.

Herbal medicine practices are as old as human history. Plants have been used to treat and manage different disease conditions in different parts of the world since time immemorial. Currently, about 80% of the global population uses herbal medicine directly or indirectly to manage or treat disease conditions. The use of plants to treat diseases depends on the local knowledge and cultural practices of the indigenous people of the area and requires a certain level of inborn skills or formal/informal training for the efficient and effective utilization of the herbal formulations. In herbal medicine, plants are used for spiritual processes including libation, sacrifice, appeasing of the gods, invocation, divination, food preparation, and as medicine. Whole plant or their parts are formulated into herbal medicine that is dependent on the bioactive constituents of the plant and their parts. Some diseases that have been successfully managed using herbal medicine include memory loss, cardiovascular issues, arthritis, osteoarthritis, digestive and respiratory diseases, reproductive problems, skin diseases, neurological issues, diabetes, diverse types of cancers, hypertension, and many others. Herbal medicines may be utilized in powder or liquid form and depending on the ailment may be ingested or externally applied on the affected parts of the body, but dosages are often unspecified or unclear. Herbal medicine is at a critical development stage, and there is a need for research and regulatory policies to support and standardize the processes involved in the exploration of raw materials, production of herbal remedies, branding, and marketing as well as sustainable utilization. Through research and regulatory policy, there will be greater clarity about herbal medicine processing, procedures, delivery routes, dosages, and compatibility, which will position the agelong process to be competitive, integrated into, or practiced alongside conventional medicine.