journal names
EAS Publications Series
Top-3 citing journals

Astronomy and Astrophysics
(1429 citations)

Astrophysical Journal
(509 citations)

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
(475 citations)
Top-3 organizations

Observatoire de Paris
(208 publications)

National Institute for Astrophysics
(124 publications)

Université Côte d'Azur
(114 publications)
Most cited in 5 years
Top-100
Citing journals
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
|
|
Astronomy and Astrophysics
1429 citations, 25.04%
|
|
Astrophysical Journal
509 citations, 8.92%
|
|
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
475 citations, 8.32%
|
|
EAS Publications Series
321 citations, 5.62%
|
|
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
158 citations, 2.77%
|
|
Astronomical Journal
116 citations, 2.03%
|
|
Physical Review D
112 citations, 1.96%
|
|
Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
51 citations, 0.89%
|
|
Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
49 citations, 0.86%
|
|
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
48 citations, 0.84%
|
|
Journal of Physical Chemistry A
47 citations, 0.82%
|
|
Astrophysical Journal Letters
45 citations, 0.79%
|
|
Experimental Astronomy
44 citations, 0.77%
|
|
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
42 citations, 0.74%
|
|
Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series
41 citations, 0.72%
|
|
Astronomische Nachrichten
39 citations, 0.68%
|
|
Astrophysics and Space Science
36 citations, 0.63%
|
|
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
35 citations, 0.61%
|
|
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
34 citations, 0.6%
|
|
Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
31 citations, 0.54%
|
|
Lecture Notes in Physics
29 citations, 0.51%
|
|
Journal of Chemical Physics
28 citations, 0.49%
|
|
Space Science Reviews
27 citations, 0.47%
|
|
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
25 citations, 0.44%
|
|
Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics
24 citations, 0.42%
|
|
EPJ Web of Conferences
20 citations, 0.35%
|
|
Icarus
20 citations, 0.35%
|
|
Physics Reports
19 citations, 0.33%
|
|
European Physical Journal C
17 citations, 0.3%
|
|
Classical and Quantum Gravity
17 citations, 0.3%
|
|
Galaxies
16 citations, 0.28%
|
|
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
16 citations, 0.28%
|
|
Universe
15 citations, 0.26%
|
|
Nature Astronomy
15 citations, 0.26%
|
|
Advances in Space Research
15 citations, 0.26%
|
|
New Astronomy Reviews
14 citations, 0.25%
|
|
Advances in Astronomy
14 citations, 0.25%
|
|
Reviews of Modern Physics
13 citations, 0.23%
|
|
Solar Physics
13 citations, 0.23%
|
|
Journal of Instrumentation
13 citations, 0.23%
|
|
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia
12 citations, 0.21%
|
|
ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
12 citations, 0.21%
|
|
Planetary and Space Science
12 citations, 0.21%
|
|
Astronomy Reports
12 citations, 0.21%
|
|
Astrophysical Bulletin
12 citations, 0.21%
|
|
Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
12 citations, 0.21%
|
|
Physical Review Letters
11 citations, 0.19%
|
|
Optics Express
11 citations, 0.19%
|
|
Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy
11 citations, 0.19%
|
|
Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy
11 citations, 0.19%
|
|
Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences
11 citations, 0.19%
|
|
Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
11 citations, 0.19%
|
|
Publication of the Astronomical Society of Japan
10 citations, 0.18%
|
|
Nature
10 citations, 0.18%
|
|
Living Reviews in Solar Physics
10 citations, 0.18%
|
|
Astronomy Letters
10 citations, 0.18%
|
|
Astrophysics and Space Science Library
10 citations, 0.18%
|
|
Red Giants as Probes of the Structure and Evolution of the Milky Way
10 citations, 0.18%
|
|
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
Nature Communications
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
Science China: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
Journal of High Energy Physics
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
Chemical Reviews
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
New Astronomy
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
8 citations, 0.14%
|
|
Physics of Plasmas
7 citations, 0.12%
|
|
Physics of the Dark Universe
7 citations, 0.12%
|
|
International Journal of Modern Physics D
7 citations, 0.12%
|
|
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
7 citations, 0.12%
|
|
Astrophysics
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
Applied Optics
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
Meteoritics and Planetary Science
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
Review of Scientific Instruments
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
Physics Letters, Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
Plasma Physics Reports
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
The Earth's Cryosphere and Sea Level Change
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Canadian Journal of Physics
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Science
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Communications in Theoretical Physics
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Astroparticle Physics
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Physical Review E
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Physica Scripta
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Science advances
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
New Journal of Physics
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Open Astronomy
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Chemical Physics Letters
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
General Relativity and Gravitation
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Reports on Progress in Physics
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Physics-Uspekhi
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Physical Review C
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Advances in High Energy Physics
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Show all (70 more) | |
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
|
Citing publishers
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
|
|
EDP Sciences
1770 citations, 31.01%
|
|
American Astronomical Society
608 citations, 10.65%
|
|
Oxford University Press
497 citations, 8.71%
|
|
Springer Nature
479 citations, 8.39%
|
|
IOP Publishing
324 citations, 5.68%
|
|
Elsevier
236 citations, 4.14%
|
|
Cambridge University Press
227 citations, 3.98%
|
|
American Physical Society (APS)
152 citations, 2.66%
|
|
Wiley
91 citations, 1.59%
|
|
American Chemical Society (ACS)
88 citations, 1.54%
|
|
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
64 citations, 1.12%
|
|
MDPI
61 citations, 1.07%
|
|
SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
60 citations, 1.05%
|
|
Pleiades Publishing
49 citations, 0.86%
|
|
AIP Publishing
48 citations, 0.84%
|
|
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
44 citations, 0.77%
|
|
Hindawi Limited
24 citations, 0.42%
|
|
Annual Reviews
24 citations, 0.42%
|
|
Optica Publishing Group
23 citations, 0.4%
|
|
Taylor & Francis
18 citations, 0.32%
|
|
World Scientific
18 citations, 0.32%
|
|
Frontiers Media S.A.
16 citations, 0.28%
|
|
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
10 citations, 0.18%
|
|
Science in China Press
10 citations, 0.18%
|
|
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
The Royal Society
9 citations, 0.16%
|
|
Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk Journal
8 citations, 0.14%
|
|
Walter de Gruyter
6 citations, 0.11%
|
|
Trans Tech Publications
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Canadian Science Publishing
5 citations, 0.09%
|
|
Mary Ann Liebert
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Co. LTD Ukrinformnauka) (Publications)
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
Scientific Research Publishing
4 citations, 0.07%
|
|
SAGE
3 citations, 0.05%
|
|
Institute of Mathematical Statistics
3 citations, 0.05%
|
|
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)
3 citations, 0.05%
|
|
American Geophysical Union
2 citations, 0.04%
|
|
Copernicus
2 citations, 0.04%
|
|
American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT)
2 citations, 0.04%
|
|
Social Science Electronic Publishing
2 citations, 0.04%
|
|
Hans Publishers
2 citations, 0.04%
|
|
Emerald
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Japan Society of Applied Physics
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
The Company of Biologists
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Japan Institute of Light Metals
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Carnegie Mellon University
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Lviv Polytechnic National University
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Acta Physica Sinica, Chinese Physical Society and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
American Vacuum Society
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Institute of Semiconductor Physics
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Allerton Press
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
The Russian Academy of Sciences
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Stichting SciPost
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Virtus Interpress
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Physical Society of Japan
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
The Korean Astronomical Society
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
The Japanese Society of Nutrition and Dietetics
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
IntechOpen
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Uluslararasi Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Sosyoekonomi
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Autonomous Non-profit Organization Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Japanese Society for Pediatric Nephrology
1 citation, 0.02%
|
|
Show all (41 more) | |
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
|
Publishing organizations
50
100
150
200
250
|
|
Observatoire de Paris
208 publications, 7.8%
|
|
National Institute for Astrophysics
124 publications, 4.65%
|
|
Université Côte d'Azur
114 publications, 4.27%
|
|
Paris Cité University
88 publications, 3.3%
|
|
Sorbonne University
59 publications, 2.21%
|
|
Université Paris-Saclay
54 publications, 2.02%
|
|
Grenoble Alpes University
53 publications, 1.99%
|
|
California Institute of Technology
50 publications, 1.87%
|
|
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
44 publications, 1.65%
|
|
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
40 publications, 1.5%
|
|
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
39 publications, 1.46%
|
|
European Southern Observatory
39 publications, 1.46%
|
|
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
35 publications, 1.31%
|
|
Heidelberg University
34 publications, 1.27%
|
|
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
34 publications, 1.27%
|
|
University of Tokyo
33 publications, 1.24%
|
|
University of Geneva
32 publications, 1.2%
|
|
University of Cologne
32 publications, 1.2%
|
|
University of Barcelona
32 publications, 1.2%
|
|
University of New South Wales
29 publications, 1.09%
|
|
Leiden University
29 publications, 1.09%
|
|
Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
28 publications, 1.05%
|
|
Lomonosov Moscow State University
27 publications, 1.01%
|
|
University of Cambridge
27 publications, 1.01%
|
|
University of Vienna
27 publications, 1.01%
|
|
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
26 publications, 0.97%
|
|
Sapienza University of Rome
25 publications, 0.94%
|
|
Space Telescope Science Institute
25 publications, 0.94%
|
|
University of Liège
24 publications, 0.9%
|
|
Universite Libre de Bruxelles
24 publications, 0.9%
|
|
National Autonomous University of Mexico
22 publications, 0.82%
|
|
Goddard Space Flight Center
22 publications, 0.82%
|
|
University College London
20 publications, 0.75%
|
|
University of Perugia
20 publications, 0.75%
|
|
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
19 publications, 0.71%
|
|
Cardiff University
19 publications, 0.71%
|
|
École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
19 publications, 0.71%
|
|
Astrophysical Observatory of Turin
18 publications, 0.67%
|
|
Keele University
18 publications, 0.67%
|
|
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
18 publications, 0.67%
|
|
Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences
17 publications, 0.64%
|
|
University of Oxford
17 publications, 0.64%
|
|
University of California, Berkeley
17 publications, 0.64%
|
|
University of Porto
17 publications, 0.64%
|
|
Uppsala University
16 publications, 0.6%
|
|
University of Strasbourg
16 publications, 0.6%
|
|
University of Padua
16 publications, 0.6%
|
|
Astronomical Observatory of Padova
16 publications, 0.6%
|
|
Ames Research Center
16 publications, 0.6%
|
|
University of Arizona
15 publications, 0.56%
|
|
Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn
15 publications, 0.56%
|
|
University of Exeter
15 publications, 0.56%
|
|
Nagoya University
14 publications, 0.52%
|
|
University of La Laguna
14 publications, 0.52%
|
|
University of Manchester
13 publications, 0.49%
|
|
University of Amsterdam
13 publications, 0.49%
|
|
European Space Research and Technology Centre
13 publications, 0.49%
|
|
Western University
13 publications, 0.49%
|
|
University of Valencia
13 publications, 0.49%
|
|
Chalmers University of Technology
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
Radboud University Nijmegen
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
University of Bordeaux
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
University of St Andrews
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
University of Michigan
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
University of the Basque Country
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
University of Minnesota
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
University of Florida
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
University of Colorado Boulder
12 publications, 0.45%
|
|
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences
11 publications, 0.41%
|
|
University of Tübingen
11 publications, 0.41%
|
|
University of Sydney
11 publications, 0.41%
|
|
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
11 publications, 0.41%
|
|
Princeton University
11 publications, 0.41%
|
|
University of Chicago
11 publications, 0.41%
|
|
Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences
11 publications, 0.41%
|
|
Liverpool John Moores University
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
Johns Hopkins University
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
Pennsylvania State University
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
Kyoto University
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
Collège de France
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
University of Warsaw
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
Paris Sciences et Lettres
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
Université de Lille
10 publications, 0.37%
|
|
ETH Zurich
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
Cornell University
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
Astronomical Observatory of Rome
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
Autonomous University of Madrid
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
University of Potsdam
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
University of Wisconsin–Madison
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
University of Victoria
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
University of Granada
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
University of Leicester
9 publications, 0.34%
|
|
Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
8 publications, 0.3%
|
|
Basque Foundation for Science
8 publications, 0.3%
|
|
Aix-Marseille University
8 publications, 0.3%
|
|
University of Zurich
8 publications, 0.3%
|
|
Australian National University
8 publications, 0.3%
|
|
Show all (70 more) | |
50
100
150
200
250
|
Publishing countries
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
|
|
France
|
France, 844, 31.63%
France
844 publications, 31.63%
|
USA
|
USA, 463, 17.35%
USA
463 publications, 17.35%
|
Germany
|
Germany, 340, 12.74%
Germany
340 publications, 12.74%
|
United Kingdom
|
United Kingdom, 238, 8.92%
United Kingdom
238 publications, 8.92%
|
Italy
|
Italy, 228, 8.55%
Italy
228 publications, 8.55%
|
Spain
|
Spain, 189, 7.08%
Spain
189 publications, 7.08%
|
Netherlands
|
Netherlands, 115, 4.31%
Netherlands
115 publications, 4.31%
|
Belgium
|
Belgium, 109, 4.09%
Belgium
109 publications, 4.09%
|
Japan
|
Japan, 89, 3.34%
Japan
89 publications, 3.34%
|
Canada
|
Canada, 88, 3.3%
Canada
88 publications, 3.3%
|
Switzerland
|
Switzerland, 83, 3.11%
Switzerland
83 publications, 3.11%
|
Australia
|
Australia, 79, 2.96%
Australia
79 publications, 2.96%
|
Russia
|
Russia, 75, 2.81%
Russia
75 publications, 2.81%
|
China
|
China, 73, 2.74%
China
73 publications, 2.74%
|
Chile
|
Chile, 70, 2.62%
Chile
70 publications, 2.62%
|
Poland
|
Poland, 53, 1.99%
Poland
53 publications, 1.99%
|
Sweden
|
Sweden, 49, 1.84%
Sweden
49 publications, 1.84%
|
Austria
|
Austria, 38, 1.42%
Austria
38 publications, 1.42%
|
Portugal
|
Portugal, 32, 1.2%
Portugal
32 publications, 1.2%
|
Mexico
|
Mexico, 32, 1.2%
Mexico
32 publications, 1.2%
|
Denmark
|
Denmark, 27, 1.01%
Denmark
27 publications, 1.01%
|
Czech Republic
|
Czech Republic, 27, 1.01%
Czech Republic
27 publications, 1.01%
|
Brazil
|
Brazil, 22, 0.82%
Brazil
22 publications, 0.82%
|
Republic of Korea
|
Republic of Korea, 21, 0.79%
Republic of Korea
21 publications, 0.79%
|
India
|
India, 20, 0.75%
India
20 publications, 0.75%
|
Israel
|
Israel, 18, 0.67%
Israel
18 publications, 0.67%
|
Ukraine
|
Ukraine, 15, 0.56%
Ukraine
15 publications, 0.56%
|
Greece
|
Greece, 14, 0.52%
Greece
14 publications, 0.52%
|
Hungary
|
Hungary, 13, 0.49%
Hungary
13 publications, 0.49%
|
South Africa
|
South Africa, 13, 0.49%
South Africa
13 publications, 0.49%
|
Ireland
|
Ireland, 11, 0.41%
Ireland
11 publications, 0.41%
|
Slovakia
|
Slovakia, 10, 0.37%
Slovakia
10 publications, 0.37%
|
Finland
|
Finland, 10, 0.37%
Finland
10 publications, 0.37%
|
Turkey
|
Turkey, 9, 0.34%
Turkey
9 publications, 0.34%
|
Iran
|
Iran, 8, 0.3%
Iran
8 publications, 0.3%
|
New Zealand
|
New Zealand, 7, 0.26%
New Zealand
7 publications, 0.26%
|
Estonia
|
Estonia, 6, 0.22%
Estonia
6 publications, 0.22%
|
Argentina
|
Argentina, 5, 0.19%
Argentina
5 publications, 0.19%
|
Lithuania
|
Lithuania, 4, 0.15%
Lithuania
4 publications, 0.15%
|
Croatia
|
Croatia, 4, 0.15%
Croatia
4 publications, 0.15%
|
Bulgaria
|
Bulgaria, 3, 0.11%
Bulgaria
3 publications, 0.11%
|
Egypt
|
Egypt, 3, 0.11%
Egypt
3 publications, 0.11%
|
Romania
|
Romania, 3, 0.11%
Romania
3 publications, 0.11%
|
Serbia
|
Serbia, 3, 0.11%
Serbia
3 publications, 0.11%
|
Venezuela
|
Venezuela, 2, 0.07%
Venezuela
2 publications, 0.07%
|
Georgia
|
Georgia, 2, 0.07%
Georgia
2 publications, 0.07%
|
Iceland
|
Iceland, 2, 0.07%
Iceland
2 publications, 0.07%
|
Lebanon
|
Lebanon, 2, 0.07%
Lebanon
2 publications, 0.07%
|
Mongolia
|
Mongolia, 2, 0.07%
Mongolia
2 publications, 0.07%
|
Puerto Rico
|
Puerto Rico, 2, 0.07%
Puerto Rico
2 publications, 0.07%
|
Slovenia
|
Slovenia, 2, 0.07%
Slovenia
2 publications, 0.07%
|
Algeria
|
Algeria, 1, 0.04%
Algeria
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Burundi
|
Burundi, 1, 0.04%
Burundi
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Vietnam
|
Vietnam, 1, 0.04%
Vietnam
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Indonesia
|
Indonesia, 1, 0.04%
Indonesia
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Colombia
|
Colombia, 1, 0.04%
Colombia
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Norway
|
Norway, 1, 0.04%
Norway
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Singapore
|
Singapore, 1, 0.04%
Singapore
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Tunisia
|
Tunisia, 1, 0.04%
Tunisia
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Montenegro
|
Montenegro, 1, 0.04%
Montenegro
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Yugoslavia
|
Yugoslavia, 1, 0.04%
Yugoslavia
1 publication, 0.04%
|
Show all (31 more) | |
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
|
1 profile journal article
Vacchi Andrea
463 publications,
16 616 citations
h-index: 54