Shipelin, Vladimir A

Shipelin V.A., Kholina A.V., Zamyatina A.V., Mazo V.K., Nikityuk D.B.

Kolobanov A.I., Shumakova A.A., Shipelin V.A., Sokolov I.E., Maisaya K.Z., Gmoshinski I.V., Khotimchenko S.A.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) prepared by the methods of “green” bionanotechnological synthesis is considered a promising food additive and food ingredient. At the same time, the risk of reducing the bioavailability of minerals due to their adsorption on BNC fibers having a high specific surface area and high adsorption and ion exchange capacity cannot be excluded. We studied the effect of oral administration of BNC on the accumulation of macronutrients and trace elements included in the diet in the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals. Male Wistar rats received BNC at doses of 0 (control), 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body weight as part of their diet for 8 weeks. The content of 30 macronutrients and trace elements in the liver and kidneys was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It was found that BNC at all doses did not significantly change the content of the main essential macronutrients and trace elements in the organs (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se, and Zn), which indicates the absence of a negative effect on their bioavailability. Among other elements, a statistically significant decrease in the content of As, B, Cd, Co, and Pb in the liver and an increase in Al, B, Ba, Ni, and Pb in the kidneys were revealed (more than 20% of the control). The revealed decrease in the bioaccumulation of cobalt can indicate inhibition of assimilation of certain chemical forms of this trace element under the action of BNC.

Shipelin V.A., Skiba E.A., Budaeva V.V., Shumakova A.A., Trushina E.N., Mustafina O.K., Markova Y.M., Riger N.A., Gmoshinski I.V., Sheveleva S.A., Khotimchenko S.A., Nikityuk D.B.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is considered a promising alternative to microcrystalline cellulose, as well as an ingredient in low-calorie dietary products. However, the risks of BNC when consumed with food are not well characterized. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of BNC on immune function, the intestinal microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, and allergic sensitization in subacute experiments on rats. Male Wistar rats received BNC with a diet for eight weeks in a dose range of 1–100 mg/kg of body weight. The measurements of serum levels of cytokines, adipokines, iFABP2, indicators of cellular immunity, composition of the intestinal microbiome, and a histological study of the ileal mucosa were performed. In a separate four-week experiment on a model of systemic anaphylaxis to food antigen, BNC at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight did not increase the severity of the reaction or change the response of IgG antibodies. Based on dose–response effects on immune function, the non-observed adverse effect level for BNC was less than 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The effects of BNC on the gut microbiome and the intestinal mucosal barrier were not dose-dependent. Data on the possible presence of prebiotic effects in BNC have been obtained.

Shipelin V.A., Skiba E.A., Budayeva V.V., Shumakova A.A., Kolobanov A.I., Sokolov I.E., Maisaya K.Z., Guseva G.V., Trusov N.V., Masyutin A.G., Delegan Y.A., Kocharovskaya Y.N., Bogun A.G., Gmoshinski I.V., Khotimchenko S.A., et. al.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is being considered as a potential replacement for microcrystalline cellulose as a food additive and a source of dietary fiber due to its unique properties. However, studies on the risks of consuming BNC in food are limited, and it is not yet approved for use in food in the US, EU, and Russia. Aim: This study aims to perform a toxicological and hygienic assessment of the safety of BNC in a subacute 8-week administration in rats. Methods: BNC was administered to male Wistar rats in doses of 0, 1.0, 10.0, and 100 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. Various parameters such as anxiety levels, cognitive function, organ masses, blood serum and liver biochemistry, oxidative stress markers, vitamin levels, antioxidant gene expression, and liver and kidney histology were evaluated. Results: Low and medium doses of BNC increased anxiety levels and liver glutathione, while high doses led to elevated LDL cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid levels. Liver tissue showed signs of degeneration at high doses. BNC did not significantly affect vitamin levels. Conclusion: The adverse effects of BNC are either not dose-dependent or fall within normal physiological ranges. Any effects on rats are likely due to micronutrient deficiencies or impacts on intestinal microbiota.

Shipelin V.A., Birulina N.A., Sidorova Y.S., Petrov N.A., Zorin S.N., Mazo V.K., Bessonov V.V.

Gmoshinski I.V., Shipelin V.A., Kolobanov A.I., Sokolov I.E., Maisaya K.Z., Khotimchenko S.A.

Shumakova A.A., Kolobanov A.I., Shipelin V.A., Gmoshinski I.V., Khotimchenko S.A.

The effect of nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) on the bioaccumulation of essential and toxic chemical elements in the organs of rats after oral administration is evaluated. Wistar rats receive Ni in the form of a soluble salt (basic Ni carbonate) or two types of NiNPs with average diameters of 53.7 and 70.9 nm in doses of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg body weight in terms of nickel for 92 days in the composition of the diet consumed. The content of Ni as well as Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Gd, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Tl, V, and Zn is determined in the liver, kidneys, and spleen by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The content of Ni in the kidneys and brain increases under the influence of both the salt and NPs; in the liver and gonads, only after the introduction of the salt form, but not with NPs; in the spleen the level of Ni does not increase upon the intake of all Ni forms. In rats receiving NiNPs various changes are observed in indicators of trace-element homeostasis, including the increased bioaccumulation of Pb in the liver, gonads, and brain, As in the spleen, and Al in the liver and brain; inhibition of the accumulation of Mg, Mn, and Sr in the kidney and Ba in the kidneys and spleen. The content of Ca under the influence of NPs increased in the kidneys, but decreased in the gonads. A number of effects arising from the administration of Ni in the nanoform to animals are absent or have the opposite sign in the case of salt-form administration. NiNPs have little effect on the bioaccumulation of Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, Mg, and K. The effects demonstrated by the administration of NiNPs to animals can be considered as manifestations of nanometallomic patterns, i.e., processes mediated by changes in the gene expression of metalloproteins caused by NPs or products of their biological transformation.

Shipelin V.A., Riger N.A., Timonin A.N., Gmoshinski I.V., Nikityuk D.B.

Gmoshinski I., Ananyan M., Shipelin V., Riger N., Trushina E., Mustafina O., Guseva G., Balakina A., Kolobanov A., Khotimchenko S., Ozherelkov D.

Dihydroquercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxy-flavanone) is known for its powerful antioxidant, organ-protective, and antiinflammatory activities that can be applied to heavy-metal intoxication. The present research objective was to evaluate the possible protective potential of dietary dihydroquercetin in a rat model of subacute (92 days) intoxication with nickel nanoparticles. The experiment involved five groups of twelve male Wistar rats in each. Group 1 served as control. Other groups received nickel nanoparticles as part of their diet. Groups 2 and 4 received nickel nanoparticles with an average diameter of 53.7 nm (NiNP1), while groups 3 and 5 were fed with nanoparticles with an average diameter of 70.9 nm (NiNP2). The dose was calculated as 10 mg/kg b.w. Groups 4 and 5 also received 23 mg/kg b.w. of water-soluble stabilized dihydroquercetin with drinking water. After the dihydroquercetin treatment, the group that consumed 53.7 nm nickel nanoparticles demonstrated lower blood serum glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine. Dihydroquercetin prevented the increase in total protein and albumin fraction associated with nickel nanoparticles intake. The experimental rats also demonstrated lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-17A, as well as a lower relative spleen weight after the treatment. In the group exposed to 53.7 nm nickel nanoparticles, the dihydroquercetin treatment increased the ratio of cytokines IL-10/IL-17A and decreased the level of circulating FABP2 protein, which is a biomarker of increased intestinal barrier permeability. In the group that received 70.9 nm nickel nanoparticles, the dihydroquercetin treatment inhibited the expression of the fibrogenic Timp3 gene in the liver. In the group that received 53.7 nm nickel nanoparticles, dihydroquercetin partially improved the violated morphology indexes in liver and kidney tissue. However, dihydroquercetin restored neither the content of reduced glutathione in the liver nor the indicators of selenium safety, which were suppressed under the effect of nickel nanoparticles. Moreover, the treatment failed to restore the low locomotor activity in the elevated plus maze test. Dihydroquercetin treatment showed some signs of detoxication and anti-inflammation in rats subjected to nickel nanoparticles. However, additional preclinical studies are necessary to substantiate its prophylactic potential in cases of exposure to nanoparticles of nickel and other heavy metals.

Gmoshinski I.V., Schipelin V.A., Khotimchenko S.A.

Nanocelluloses (NCs) have broad application prospects in medicine as implants, cell scaffolds and dressings, in the production of composite materials and coatings, electronics, food and pharmaceutical products. The main types of NCs include nanofibrous (NFC), nanocrystalline (NCC) cellulose isolated from natural, predominantly plant materials, and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) obtained by microbial synthesis. The production process of NC can include many factors potent of affecting their toxicological characteristics, such as residual amounts of chemicals and enzyme preparations used in the isolation and modification of NC, contamination of NC from natural sources with mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, and dioxins. In the case of NCs of microbial origin, the question of the safety of the respective producer strains remains open, most of which are genetically modified. Special attention deserves the ability of NC to exhibit toxicity to living organisms, different from their chemical counterpart in its traditional form. Expanding the range of products containing NC in close contact with human, primarily food products, packaging materials, pharmacological preparations and medical materials, requires a thorough assessment of the possible risks associated with the impact of NC on the human body. The purpose of the research is to review the literature over 2010 to 2021 on the potential risks associated with the toxic effects of NC on living organisms through various exposure routes. Information is provided on toxicity in in vitro systems, in particular, the ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation. There are presented results of studies on inhalation and oral toxicity in vivo, data on carcinogenicity, immune cell response to NC and its ability to induce immunological tolerance. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of the studies, various NC types were found to have little effect on cell viability d and acute toxicity in vivo, however, the conflicting results of studies of the pro-inflammatory and immunological effects of different NCs indicate the need for further long-term studies to establish the maximum inactive doses of NC, primarily, with their inhalation and oral intake.

Sidorova Y.S., Shipelin V.A., Petrov N.A., Zorin S.N., Mazo V.K.

The variety of stressful conditions in daily human activity requires nutritional support with safe, specialized food products containing functional food ingredients (FFIs) enriched with biologically active plant substances with proven adaptogenic properties. In this in vivo study, by evaluating a set of physiological parameters and biochemical markers, we investigated the effectiveness of the developed FFIs from Chenopodium quinoa grains in stress conditions induced by daily episodes of immobilization for 36 days. The results of the evaluation of the anxiety-like functions, locomotor, and search activity of rats in the “open field” and “elevated plus maze” tests demonstrated the ability of FFIs to reduce stressful behavior induced by immobilization. The improvement in the long-term memory of animals treated with FFIs was noted in the passive avoidance test. Together with the hypolipidemic effect and compensation of transaminase levels, FFIs normalized the excretion of catecholamines in the urine and reduced the levels of malondialdehyde to values of the control group. According to the results of the assessment of FFI acute oral toxicity, the LD50 value exceeded 5000 mg/kg of body weight, which categorizes the FFIs under hazard class 5—substances with low hazard. The conducted experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of nutritional support with FFIs on the selected stress model. The positive safety profile of FFIs makes them reasonable to study on other stress models and to conduct clinical testing as part of specialized food products in various categories of people exposed to chronic stress.

Shipelin V.A., Shumakova A.A., Trushina E.N., Mustafina O.K., Masyutin A.G., Kolobanov A.I., Sokolov I.E., Gmoshinski I.V., Khotimchenko S.A., Nikityuk D.B.

Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs) are used as technological aids–catalysts in the oil and fat industry, in pharmaceuticals, and in the production of cosmetics and pesticides. The acute and subchronic oral toxicity of metallic Ni in the nanoform is not well understood. The study aimed to investigate the acute and subchronic oral toxicity of Ni NPs to rats. We used two NP preparations (Ni NP1 and Ni NP2) with spherical particles and an average diameter of 53.7 and 70.9 nm according to the electron microscopy data. In the study of acute toxicity, both kinds of Ni NPs were administered to male and female Wistar rats aged 8 weeks as a single dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. through a gastric gavage. In the subchronic experiment, male Wistar rats initially aged 7 weeks received for 92 days Ni NP1 and Ni NP2 as well as the “traditional” soluble salt form of Ni (Ni basic carbonate) at doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg b.w.) in terms of Ni content as a part of the diet consumed. As a result, in an acute study, the oral LD50 for Ni NP2 in male and female rats was about 1600 mg/kg b.w. (IV hazard class). The oral dose of Ni NP1 equal to 2000 mg/kg b.w. exceeded LD100 for males and corresponded to LD90 for females. In the subchronic study, the bioaccumulation of both Ni NPs as well as Ni salt was observed in the kidney but not in the liver and spleen. Ni NP1 decreased body weight only at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w.; affected the relative weight of the spleen at 0.1 mg/kg, the brain at 1.0 mg/kg, and the thymus at 10 mg/kg; and decreased locomotor activity at 0.1 and 10 mg/kg. Thus, for Ni NP1, in such cases where a monotonic dose–response relationship could be traced, LOEL could be stated at 10 mg/kg b.w./day for 92 days of oral intake. However, for some endpoints where such a monotonic relationship could be absent, significant toxic effects were observed even at a dose 0.1 mg/kg. In the case of Ni NP2, changes in the relative weight of the liver, thymus, and brain were recorded starting from 0.1 mg/kg b.w.; locomotor activity decreased starting from 0.1 mg/kg. Other effects, including basophiles count and platelet system indexes, were observed at a dose of 1 mg/kg or higher. Thus, the LOEL value for Ni NP2 can be fixed at 0.1 mg/kg. The critical organs affected by both Ni NPs were the brain and immune system. Most of the toxic effects exhibited by metallic Ni NPs were absent or had an opposite orientation upon administration of equivalent doses of Ni in the salt form which indicates the signs of “nanotoxicity” in metallic Ni NPs. In conclusion, the data obtained show that there may be some additional health risks caused by the intake of Ni in a nanoform compared to soluble ionized forms of this element at equivalent doses.

Bagryantseva O.V., Gmoshinski I.V., Shipelin V.A., Sheveleva S.A., Riger N.A., Shumakova A.A., Efimochkina N.R., Markova Y.M., Tsurikova N.V., Smotrina Y.V., Sokolov I.E., Kolobanov A.I., Khotimchenko S.A.

Gmoshinski I.V., Shipelin V.A., Khotimchenko S.A.

Shipelin V.A., Gmoshinski I.V., Riger N.A., Shumakova A.A., Trushina E.N., Mustafina O.K., Khotimchenko S.A.

Abdelsalam A., Gharib F.A., Boroujerdi A., Abouelhamd N., Ahmed E.Z.

Abstract Selenium is a beneficial element in agriculture, particularly for its potential to improve plant growth and stress tolerance at suitable concentrations. In this study, Phaseolus vulgaris was foliar-sprayed with selenium selenate (Se) or selenium nanoparticles (SeNP) at different concentrations during the vegetative stage; afterward, the seed yield was analyzed for metabolomics using 1H, J-resolved and HSQC NMR data, and NMR databases. A total of 47 metabolites were identified with sugars being the major chemical class. In the control sample, the most abundant sugar was stachyose (14.6 ± 0.8 mM). Among the identified alkaloids, the concentration of trigonelline was the highest (0.6 ± 0.08 mM). Chemometric and cluster analyses distinctly differentiated the control from the Se and SeNP-treated samples. Treatments with SeNP resulted in elevated concentrations of sugars, carboxylic acids, and sulfur-containing amino acids compared to control and Se treated samples. Conversely, betaine levels were higher in Se samples. The presence of Se and SeNP significantly decreased the levels of several aliphatic amino acids, e.g. alanine. The addition of 50 µM SeNP upregulated the levels of trigonelline and syringate by 2-fold and 1.75-fold, respectively, relative to the control. Pathway analysis indicated the most significantly altered pathways due to SeNP addition were arginine biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. The pathways influenced by Se addition were glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism as well as glycine-serine and threonine metabolism. This study proved that SeNP are more efficient than Se in enhancing the metabolic profile of Phaseolus vulgaris which will have implications for agricultural practices, focusing on the sustainability and nutritional enhancement of crops.

de Oliveira Santos A., Quadreli D.H., Fernandes G.S., de Souza Reis L.S., de Andrade Bernal Fagiani M., Marin L.C., Batista V.R., Teixeira G.R., de Lima Paz P.J., Castilho C., de Oliveira Vidotto Figueiredo M., Giometti I.C.

ABSTRACTProblemA high‐fat diet (HFD) predisposes animals to glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and testicular oxidative stress, and impairs sperm production in rats. Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and lipolytic actions and is a potential supplement to combat the oxidative stress caused by HFD and its harmful effects on reproduction. This study evaluated the effects of quercetin supplementation at doses of 10 and 20 mg/day on reproductive parameters and testicular oxidative stress in Wistar rats fed a diet rich in pork fat and fructose.Method of studyThe rats received a basal diet or HFD for 2 months, after which the animals fed the HFD received daily supplementation of 0, 10, or 20 mg of quercetin for another 2 months. Oxidative stress, histological alterations, and the expression of oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic mediators in the testes were evaluated.ResultsAnimals fed the HFD had a lower dietary intake and body, epididymis, and duct weights, regardless of the presence of quercetin. There were no changes in testicular weight, germinal epithelium diameter, sperm motility and morphology, or expression of testicular inflammatory genes (p > 0.05). There was a reduction in the oxidative stress index and oxidized glutathione in rats that received the HFD and 20 mg of quercetin compared with the HF group without quercetin. No difference was observed in the expression of BAX, BCL2, TNFα, caspase 3, or AR between the groups.ConclusionDaily quercetin supplementation dose‐dependently reduces testicular oxidative stress in Wistar rats fed a diet rich in pork fat and fructose.

He Q., Yuan J., Yang H., Du T., Hu S., Ding L., Yan W., Chen P., Li J., Huang Z.

Fullerenols, a water-soluble polyhydroxy derivative of fullerene, hold promise in medical and materials science due to their unique properties. However, concerns about their potential embryotoxicity remain. Using a pregnancy mouse model and metabolomics analysis, our findings reveal that fullerenols exposure during pregnancy not only significantly reduced mice placental weight and villi thickness, but also altered the classes and concentrations of metabolites in the mouse placenta. Furthermore, we found that fullerenols exposure reduced the levels of CYP3A4, ERα and estriol (E3), while increasing the levels of estradiol (E2) and oxidative stress both in mouse placenta and placental trophoblast cells, and exogenous supplementation with E3 and ER agonists was effective in restoring these changes in vitro. Moreover, CYP3A4 inhibition was effective in decreasing intracellular E3 levels, whereas overexpression of CYP3A4 resisted the fullerenols-induced decrease in E3 expression Additionally, we synthesized glutathione-modified fullerenols (C60-(OH)n-GSH), which demonstrated improved biocompatibility and reduced embryotoxicity by enhancing intracellular glutathione levels and mitigating oxidative stress. In summary, our results demonstrated that fullerenols exposure decreased E3 synthesis by inhibiting CYP3A4 and exacerbated oxidative stress through downregulation of estrogen receptor activation and decreased glutathione levels. These findings highlight the risks of fullerenols exposure during pregnancy and offer strategies for safer nanomaterial development.

Apryatin S.A.

Background/Objectives: The neurometabolic function is controlled by a complex multi-level physiological system that includes neurochemical, hormonal, immunological, sensory, and metabolic components. Functional disorders of monoamine systems are often detected in clinical practice together with metabolic dysfunctions. An important part of the mentioned pathological conditions are associated with disturbances in protein metabolism, some of the most important biomarkers which are aminotransferases and transcription factors that regulate and direct the most important metabolic reactions. Another important part of energy metabolism is the dopamine-mediated regulation of protein metabolism. Methods: The review describes research results into the dopamine-mediated mechanism of metabolic regulation in humans and animals. Particular attention is paid to the neurometabolic mechanisms of protein metabolism. Results: The dopamine–aminotransferase system of the energy metabolism regulation is a separate, independent, regulatory and diagnostically significant biochemical pathway controlled by the hormonal system, the key hormone is cortisol, the key neurotransmitter is dopamine, the key transcription factor is CREB, and the key regulatory enzymes are alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and tyrosine aminotransferase. Conclusions: This review presents an original study describing the discovery of a new regulatory mechanism for neurometabolic physiological function in humans and animals. A key part of this mechanism is the dopamine–aminotransferase system.

Jangra A., Kumar V., Kumar S., Mehra R., Kumar A.

The review aims to address the knowledge gap and promote the widespread adoption of quinoa as a functional food for improving metabolic health. By presenting a comprehensive overview of its nutritional profile and bioactive components, the review aims to increase consumers’ awareness of the potential therapeutic benefits of incorporating quinoa into diets. Recent studies have highlighted the diverse range of bioactive compounds in quinoa, such as phytosterols, saponins, phenolic acids, phytoecdysteroids, and betalains. These compounds exhibit various health-promoting properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and gut microbiota-modulating effects. Furthermore, research indicates that regular quinoa consumption can improve metabolic parameters, including reduced cholesterol levels, blood sugar, fat accumulation, and blood pressure. These findings highlight the potential of quinoa as a dietary tool for preventing and managing metabolic disorders, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and gut dysbiosis. The article concludes that quinoa has emerged as a promising solution to food security challenges due to its adaptability to diverse environments and rich nutritional profile. However, some findings are not consistent in the mentioned studies, therefore, well-designed cohort randomized clinical trials with diverse populations are needed. While in vivo studies are necessary to elucidate the specific mechanisms behind the potential benefits of quinoa.

Ahmed S., Islam M.S., Antu U.B., Islam M.M., Rajput V.D., Mahiddin N.A., Paul J.R., Ismail Z., Ibrahim K.A., Idris A.M.

Kagios C., Hetty S., Grönbladh A., Pereira M.J., Eriksson J.W., Roman E.

Cai Y., Chen Q.

ABSTRACTResveratrol (RSV) is a naturally occurring astragalus‐like polyphenolic compound with remarkable weight loss properties. However, the mechanism of RSV in treating obesity is unclear. In this narrative review, we explored electronic databases (PubMed) for research articles from 2021 to the present using the keywords “resveratrol” and “obesity”. This article explores the mechanisms involved in the alleviation of obesity‐related metabolic disorders by RSV. RSV affects obesity by modulating mitochondrial function, insulin signaling, and gut microbiota, regulating lipid metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, and regulating epigenetic regulation. Administering RSV to pregnant animals exhibits maternal and first‐generation offspring benefits, and RSV administration to lactating animals has long‐term benefits, which involve the epigenetic modulations by RSV. A comprehensive understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms of RSV regulation could help in developing drugs suitable for pregnancy preparation groups, pregnant women, and nursing infants.

Sobhiga G., Maria H.J., Mozetič M., Thomas S.

Esfahani M., Mehri F.

Diazinon (DZN) is a cholinesterase inhibitor widely used to relieve agricultural pests and upgrade the productivity of crops. Resveratrol (Res), as a phenolic plant compound, has a protective role against free radicals. This study intended to evaluate the impacts of Res on homeostatic disturbances induced by DZN in rats.

Qiao K., Zhao M., Huang Y., Liang L., Zhang Y.

Bitter food, because of its unique taste, is not popular with the public, and is even considered to be difficult to swallow. By binding to specific sites of bitter receptors (26 hTAS2Rs), bitter compounds activate the downstream signaling pathways mediated by G protein, which convert chemical signals into electrical signals that are ultimately transmitted to the brain to produce the bitter perception. The intensity of bitterness is mainly determined by the hydrophobic recognition region of bitter receptors. The bitter compounds in foods mainly include alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, amino acids, etc. Foods rich in bitter taste are mostly natural such as beans, nuts, and coffee, etc. Studies have proven that bitter foods have biological activities such as preventing hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant, and exhibit neuroprotective effects and other biological activities. The purpose of this review is to explore the bitter perception and the biological activity of bitter compounds, clarify the mechanism of their action on human health, and provide theoretical guidance for the development and application of functional foods.

Przeor M., Ahmed N.M.

Nutritionists found beans still rarely consumed in Western diet, despite its high nutritional value was proven and recommended by authorities. The study aimed to propose a simple and effective way of manufacturing a new common bean-based product targeted to diabetics. The key components, including important protein (common beans) and antidiabetic (white mulberry) sources, were carefully selected due to their proven properties. The formulated product underwent extensive analysis: composition, sensory and structure attributes, antioxidant and anti-enzymatic activity showing its antidiabetic potential. Additionally, the proposed label information was presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed blend of ingredients yields a product of exceptional nutritional value, with significant levels of both soluble and insoluble dietary fibers (36.66–48.49%) and proteins (21.22–18.25%). Furthermore, the product exhibits notable antiradical and anti-enzymatic properties. Through precise control of ingredient proportions, conventional raw materials can be fortified with a diverse array of plant-based sources renowned for their health benefits, while maintaining a palatable taste for consumers. The designed product, a savory snack with added bioactive compounds, represents an interesting option for consumers, holding promise as a potential dietary option with low glycemic index (40) for diabetics (anti-glucosidase activity ranged 66.72–70.66%). This study emphasizes the potential of plant-protein-rich foods in offering health-promoting benefits and further supports the use of common beans and natural antidiabetic agents in developing innovative food products.

Ekeleme C.M., Agboola A.R., Odey D.O., Ibeneme C.E., Itam A.H., Agwupuye E.I., Ahmed Z.O., Olawale F., Adamu Z., Atangwho I.J., David-Oku E., Mahmoud M.H., Batiha G.E.

Wang L., Wang H., Bai M., Wu Y., Guo T., Cai D., Sun P., Xiao N., Li A., Ming W.

Kolobanov A.I., Shumakova A.A., Shipelin V.A., Sokolov I.E., Maisaya K.Z., Gmoshinski I.V., Khotimchenko S.A.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) prepared by the methods of “green” bionanotechnological synthesis is considered a promising food additive and food ingredient. At the same time, the risk of reducing the bioavailability of minerals due to their adsorption on BNC fibers having a high specific surface area and high adsorption and ion exchange capacity cannot be excluded. We studied the effect of oral administration of BNC on the accumulation of macronutrients and trace elements included in the diet in the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals. Male Wistar rats received BNC at doses of 0 (control), 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body weight as part of their diet for 8 weeks. The content of 30 macronutrients and trace elements in the liver and kidneys was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It was found that BNC at all doses did not significantly change the content of the main essential macronutrients and trace elements in the organs (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se, and Zn), which indicates the absence of a negative effect on their bioavailability. Among other elements, a statistically significant decrease in the content of As, B, Cd, Co, and Pb in the liver and an increase in Al, B, Ba, Ni, and Pb in the kidneys were revealed (more than 20% of the control). The revealed decrease in the bioaccumulation of cobalt can indicate inhibition of assimilation of certain chemical forms of this trace element under the action of BNC.

Quijano L., Rodrigues R., Fischer D., Tovar-Castro J.D., Payne A., Navone L., Hu Y., Han Y., Pinmanee P., Poon E., Yang J., Barro E.

Bacterial cellulose is a versatile material with applications in many industries. However, the widespread uptake of bacterial cellulose faces challenges including high production costs and lack of scalability. One approach to address these obstacles is the use of alternative substrates and media, compared to the Hestrin-Schramm (HS) media. By evaluating and selecting appropriate media and substrates, the production of bacterial cellulose can be more efficient: enabling sustainable systems and supply chains where less energy and materials are lost, and the output production is increased. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current landscape of bacterial cellulose alternative media and substrates (ingredients). Through a systematic review of 198 papers, this review identifies 299 alternative substrates from 12 industries and 101 bacterial cellulose-producing strains, which were systematically compared. This review also finds that there are methodological gaps in this field such as data variability, papers mislabelling the HS media or not using a comparison media, and a lack of strain names. This alternative substrate analysis for bacterial cellulose production demonstrates that overall, for some applications alternative substrates can be taken into consideration that are not only cheaper, but also produce higher yields than HS media.

Shipelin V.A., Skiba E.A., Budayeva V.V., Shumakova A.A., Kolobanov A.I., Sokolov I.E., Maisaya K.Z., Guseva G.V., Trusov N.V., Masyutin A.G., Delegan Y.A., Kocharovskaya Y.N., Bogun A.G., Gmoshinski I.V., Khotimchenko S.A., et. al.

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is being considered as a potential replacement for microcrystalline cellulose as a food additive and a source of dietary fiber due to its unique properties. However, studies on the risks of consuming BNC in food are limited, and it is not yet approved for use in food in the US, EU, and Russia. Aim: This study aims to perform a toxicological and hygienic assessment of the safety of BNC in a subacute 8-week administration in rats. Methods: BNC was administered to male Wistar rats in doses of 0, 1.0, 10.0, and 100 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. Various parameters such as anxiety levels, cognitive function, organ masses, blood serum and liver biochemistry, oxidative stress markers, vitamin levels, antioxidant gene expression, and liver and kidney histology were evaluated. Results: Low and medium doses of BNC increased anxiety levels and liver glutathione, while high doses led to elevated LDL cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid levels. Liver tissue showed signs of degeneration at high doses. BNC did not significantly affect vitamin levels. Conclusion: The adverse effects of BNC are either not dose-dependent or fall within normal physiological ranges. Any effects on rats are likely due to micronutrient deficiencies or impacts on intestinal microbiota.

Carloni S., Rescigno M.

The multifaceted microbiota characterizing our gut plays a crucial role in maintaining immune, metabolic and tissue homeostasis of the intestine as well as of distal organs, including the central nervous system. Microbial dysbiosis is reported in several inflammatory intestinal diseases characterized by the impairment of the gut epithelial and vascular barriers, defined as leaky gut, and it is reported as a potential danger condition associated with the development of metabolic, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we pointed out the strict connection between the gut and the brain via a novel vascular axis. Here we want to deepen our knowledge on the gut-brain axis, with particular emphasis on the connection between microbial dysbiosis, leaky gut, cerebral and gut vascular barriers, and neurodegenerative diseases. The firm association between microbial dysbiosis and impairment of the vascular gut-brain axis will be summarized in the context of protection, amelioration or boosting of Alzheimer, Parkinson, Major depressive and Anxiety disorders. Understanding the relationship between disease pathophysiology, mucosal barrier function and host-microbe interaction will foster the use of the microbiome as biomarker for health and disease as well as a target for therapeutic and nutritional advances.

Polymenakou P.N., Nomikou P., Hannington M., Petersen S., Kilias S.P., Anastasiou T.I., Papadimitriou V., Zaka E., Kristoffersen J.B., Lampridou D., Wind S., Heinath V., Lange S., Magoulas A.

IntroductionActive hydrothermal vents of volcanic origin provide a remarkable manifestation of life on Earth under extreme conditions, which may have consequences for our understanding of habitability on other terrestrial bodies as well.MethodsHere, we performed for the first time Illumina sequencing of bacterial and archaeal communities on sub-seafloor samples collected from the Santorini-Kolumbo volcanic field. A total of 19 (3-m long) gravity corers were collected and processed for microbial community analysis.ResultsFrom a total of 6,46,671 produced V4 sequences for all samples, a total of 10,496 different Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified that were assigned to 40 bacterial and 9 archaeal phyla and 14 candidate divisions. On average, the most abundant phyla in all samples were Chloroflexi (Chloroflexota) (24.62%), followed by Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota) (11.29%), Firmicutes (Bacillota) (10.73%), Crenarchaeota (Thermoproteota) (8.55%), and Acidobacteria (Acidobacteriota) (8.07%). At the genus level, a total of 286 known genera and candidate genera were mostly dominated by members of Bacillus, Thermoflexus, Desulfatiglans, Pseudoalteromonas, and Pseudomonas.DiscussionIn most of the stations, the Chao1 values at the deeper layers were comparable to the surface sediment samples denoting the high diversity in the subsurface of these ecosystems. Heatmap analysis based on the 100 most abundant OTUs, grouped the sampling stations according to their geographical location, placing together the two hottest stations (up to 99°C). This result indicates that this specific area within the active Kolumbo crater create a distinct niche, where microorganisms with adaptation strategies to withstand heat stresses can thrive, such as the endospore-forming Firmicutes.

Ujianti I., Sianipar I.R., Prijanti A.R., Hasan I., Arozal W., Jusuf A.A., Wibowo H., Prihartono J., Amani P., Santoso D.I.

Background and Objectives: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) can occur as a result of micronutrient deficiencies. Hibiscus sabdarifa, a plant used in traditional medicine, contains ingredients that can help prevent this process. This study looked at the potency of Hibiscus sabdariffa Ethanol Extract (HSE) to prevent homocysteine-induced liver damage in animals that were deficient in vitamin B12. Materials and Methods: A comparative study of the effects of roselle extract is presented in an experimental design. Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into six groups using randomization. To demonstrate the absence of liver damage in the experimental animals under normal conditions, a control group was fed a normal diet without HSE. For the induction of liver damage in the experimental animals, the vitamin B12-restricted group was administered a vitamin B12-restricted diet. To test the effect of HSE on liver damage, the treatment group was given HSE along with a vitamin B12-restricted diet. Each group was given two treatment periods of eight and sixteen weeks. These results were compared with the results of the parameter examination between the vitamin B12 restriction group, with and without HSE, using an ANOVA statistic. The data were analyzed with licensed SPSS 20.0 software. Results: HSE significantly increased the blood levels of vitamin B12 while lowering homocysteine levels. The administration of HSE reduced liver damage based on the activity of liver function enzymes in the plasma due to a limitation of vitamin B12. HSE decreased Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1c (SREBP1c) and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFkB) protein expressions in the liver tissue, but did not decrease Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78) protein expression. Significantly, the levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-a) and IL-6 in the liver tissue were lower, while the levels of IL-10 and Nuclear factor-erythroid-2 Related Factor 2 (NRF2) were higher with HSE administration. HSE produced a better histopathological profile of the Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)–Masson tricrome for inflammation, fat and fibrosis in the liver. Conclusions: In this study, HSE was found to slow the development of liver damage in experimental animals that were given a vitamin B12-deficient diet.

Stepan M.D., Vintilescu Ș.B., Streață I., Podeanu M.A., Florescu D.N.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a complex chronic condition, which in the absence of screening–monitoring markers and effective standardized treatment is one of the most important issues in pediatric pathology. In this study, we analyzed the role of vitamin D supplementation in obese children with/without NAFLD and the impact on the components of the associated metabolic syndrome (MS). The study included 22 children with simple obesity (SO) and 50 with NAFLD, aged between 6 and 14 years, who received regimen-based therapy or vitamin D supplementation in case of deficiency. Anthropometric and paraclinical data associated with MS were statistically compared before and after treatment. It was observed that there was a statistical association of NAFLD with MS components, which were present both in SO and in the 6–9 years group. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with the presence of obesity, NAFLD and MS components, and correction of the deficiency induced a tendency to normalize the associated parameters. In the case of a treatment strictly based on the regimen, we found decreases in vitamin D values and additional alteration of some parameters. Supplementation with vitamin D potentiates the effects of the specific regimen, and the effects seem to be dependent on the MS components.

Cubas A.L., Provin A.P., Dutra A.R., Mouro C., Gouveia I.C.

In recent years, several researchers have focused their studies on the development of sustainable biomaterials using renewable sources, including the incorporation of living biological systems. One of the best biomaterials is bacterial cellulose (BC). There are several ways to produce BC, from using a pure strain to producing the fermented drink kombucha, which has a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY). Studies have shown that the use of agricultural waste can be a low-cost and sustainable way to create BC. This article conducts a literature review to analyze issues related to the creation of BC through kombucha production. The databases used were ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and SpringerLink. A total of 42 articles, dated from 2018 to 2022, were referenced to write this review. The findings contributed to the discussion of three topics: (1) The production of BC through food waste (including patents in addition to the scientific literature); (2) Areas of research, sectors, and products that use BC (including research that did not use the kombucha drink, but used food waste as a source of carbon and nitrogen); and (3) Production, sustainability, and circular economy: perspectives, challenges, and trends in the use of BC (including some advantages and disadvantages of BC production through the kombucha drink).

Hasanin M.S., Abdelraof M., Hashem A.H., El Saied H.

AbstractBacterial Cellulose (BC) is still the most renewable available biopolymer produced in fine nature from alternative microbial sources as bacteria. In the present study, newly BC producing bacteria were successfully isolated from acidic fruits. The most potent producer was isolated from strawberry and identified genetically using 16 s rRNA technique as Achromobacter S3. Different fruit peels were screened to produce BC using the cheapest culture medium. Among them, Mango peel waste (MPW) hydrolysate proved to be the significant inducible alternative medium without any extra nutrients for the maximum productivity. Improvement of the BC yield was successfully achieved via statistical optimization of the MPW culture medium, from 0.52 g/L to 1.22 g/L with 2.5-fold increased about the standard HS culture medium. Additionally, the physicochemical analysis affirmed the cellulose molecular structure as well as observed the crystallinity of nanofiber as 72 and 79% for BC produced by Achromobacter S33 on HS and MPW media, respectively. Moreover, the topographical study illustrated that the BC nanofibers had close characteristics upon fiber dimeter and length as about 10 and 200 nm, respectively.

Casado M.E., Collado-Pérez R., Frago L.M., Barrios V.

Excess body weight is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation. Evidence indicates a relationship between obesity and cancer, as well as with other diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in which inflammation and the actions of various adipokines play a role in the pathological mechanisms involved in these disorders. Leptin is mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, but it is also synthesized in other organs, where leptin receptors are expressed. This hormone performs numerous actions in the brain, mainly related to the control of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in neurogenesis and neuroprotection, and central leptin resistance is related to some neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. In peripheral tissues, leptin is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, as well as of bone density and muscle mass. All these actions can be affected by changes in leptin levels and the mechanisms associated with resistance to this hormone. This review will present recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of leptin action and their underlying roles in pathological situations, which may be of interest for revealing new approaches for the treatment of diseases where the actions of this adipokine might be compromised.

Liang X., Fu Y., Cao W., Wang Z., Zhang K., Jiang Z., Jia X., Liu C., Lin H., Zhong H., Miao Z., Gou W., Shuai M., Huang Y., Chen S., et. al.

Microbiome-gut-brain axis may be involved in the progression of age-related cognitive impairment and relevant brain structure changes, but evidence from large human cohorts is lacking. This study was aimed to investigate the associations of gut microbiome with cognitive impairment and brain structure based on multi-omics from three independent populations. We included 1430 participants from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS) with both gut microbiome and cognitive assessment data available as a discovery cohort, of whom 272 individuals provided fecal samples twice before cognitive assessment. We selected 208 individuals with baseline microbiome data for brain magnetic resonance imaging during the follow-up visit. Fecal 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomic sequencing, targeted serum metabolomics, and cytokine measurements were performed in the GNHS. The validation analyses were conducted in an Alzheimer’s disease case–control study (replication study 1, n = 90) and another community-based cohort (replication study 2, n = 1300) with cross-sectional dataset. We found protective associations of specific gut microbial genera (Odoribacter, Butyricimonas, and Bacteroides) with cognitive impairment in both the discovery cohort and the replication study 1. Result of Bacteroides was further validated in the replication study 2. Odoribacter was positively associated with hippocampal volume (β, 0.16; 95% CI 0.06–0.26, P = 0.002), which might be mediated by acetic acids. Increased intra-individual alterations in gut microbial composition were found in participants with cognitive impairment. We also identified several serum metabolites and inflammation-associated metagenomic species and pathways linked to impaired cognition. Our findings reveal that specific gut microbial features are closely associated with cognitive impairment and decreased hippocampal volume, which may play an important role in dementia development.

Shipelin V.A., Shumakova A.A., Trushina E.N., Mustafina O.K., Masyutin A.G., Kolobanov A.I., Sokolov I.E., Gmoshinski I.V., Khotimchenko S.A., Nikityuk D.B.

Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs) are used as technological aids–catalysts in the oil and fat industry, in pharmaceuticals, and in the production of cosmetics and pesticides. The acute and subchronic oral toxicity of metallic Ni in the nanoform is not well understood. The study aimed to investigate the acute and subchronic oral toxicity of Ni NPs to rats. We used two NP preparations (Ni NP1 and Ni NP2) with spherical particles and an average diameter of 53.7 and 70.9 nm according to the electron microscopy data. In the study of acute toxicity, both kinds of Ni NPs were administered to male and female Wistar rats aged 8 weeks as a single dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w. through a gastric gavage. In the subchronic experiment, male Wistar rats initially aged 7 weeks received for 92 days Ni NP1 and Ni NP2 as well as the “traditional” soluble salt form of Ni (Ni basic carbonate) at doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg b.w.) in terms of Ni content as a part of the diet consumed. As a result, in an acute study, the oral LD50 for Ni NP2 in male and female rats was about 1600 mg/kg b.w. (IV hazard class). The oral dose of Ni NP1 equal to 2000 mg/kg b.w. exceeded LD100 for males and corresponded to LD90 for females. In the subchronic study, the bioaccumulation of both Ni NPs as well as Ni salt was observed in the kidney but not in the liver and spleen. Ni NP1 decreased body weight only at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w.; affected the relative weight of the spleen at 0.1 mg/kg, the brain at 1.0 mg/kg, and the thymus at 10 mg/kg; and decreased locomotor activity at 0.1 and 10 mg/kg. Thus, for Ni NP1, in such cases where a monotonic dose–response relationship could be traced, LOEL could be stated at 10 mg/kg b.w./day for 92 days of oral intake. However, for some endpoints where such a monotonic relationship could be absent, significant toxic effects were observed even at a dose 0.1 mg/kg. In the case of Ni NP2, changes in the relative weight of the liver, thymus, and brain were recorded starting from 0.1 mg/kg b.w.; locomotor activity decreased starting from 0.1 mg/kg. Other effects, including basophiles count and platelet system indexes, were observed at a dose of 1 mg/kg or higher. Thus, the LOEL value for Ni NP2 can be fixed at 0.1 mg/kg. The critical organs affected by both Ni NPs were the brain and immune system. Most of the toxic effects exhibited by metallic Ni NPs were absent or had an opposite orientation upon administration of equivalent doses of Ni in the salt form which indicates the signs of “nanotoxicity” in metallic Ni NPs. In conclusion, the data obtained show that there may be some additional health risks caused by the intake of Ni in a nanoform compared to soluble ionized forms of this element at equivalent doses.

Liu Y., Zhu S., Gu Z., Chen C., Zhao Y.

• How key toxicity-associated nanomaterial properties impact nano-bio interactions is discussed. • Analytical methods for studying nano-bio interactions are presented. • Current regulatory and legislative frameworks regulating nanomaterials are introduced. • Challenges facing nanomaterials’ safety evaluation and possible solutions are given. Manufactured nanomaterials with unique properties have been extensively applied in various industrial, agricultural or medical fields. However, some of the properties have been identified to be closely related to nanomaterial toxicity. The “nano-paradox” has aroused concerns over the use and development of nanotechnology, which makes it difficult for regulatory agencies to regulate nanomaterials. The key to fulfilling proper nanomaterial regulation lies in the adequate understanding of the impact of nanomaterial properties on nano-bio interactions. To this end, we start the present work with a brief introduction to nano-bio interactions at different levels. Based on that, how key toxicity-associated properties of manufactured nanomaterials (i.e., size, shape, chemical composition, surface properties, biocorona formation, agglomeration and/or aggregation state, and biodegradability) impact their toxicokinetics, cellular uptake, trafficking and responses, and toxicity mechanisms is deeply explored. Moreover, advanced analytical methods for studying nano-bio interactions are introduced. Furthermore, the current regulatory and legislative frameworks for nanomaterial-containing products in different regions and/or countries are presented. Finally, we propose several challenges facing the nanotoxicology field and their possible solutions to shed light on the safety evaluation of nanomaterials.

Kartasheva-Ebertz D., Gaston J., Lair-Mehiri L., Mottez E., Buivan T., Massault P., Scatton O., Gaujoux S., Vaillant J., Pol S., Lagaye S.

IL-17A is considered to guide liver inflammation and fibrosis. From twenty-two human liver samples of different fibrosis stages (F0 to F4), IL-17A, IL-22, and TGFβ1 protein expression in liver tissue lysates were analyzed. Ten paired samples of liver tissue (F0–F1 stage) and blood from the same patient were used to analyze intrahepatic and blood T-lymphoid IL-17A+ cells by flow cytometry. The analyses have been performed regardless of pathology, considering the stage of fibrosis. Human liver tissue was used for the primary human liver slice cultures, followed by subsequent cytokine stimulation and fibrotic markers’ analysis by ELISA. IL-17A production in human liver tissue was significantly higher in the early fibrotic stage compared with the advanced stage. Th17 T cells and, to a lesser extent, MAIT cells were the main sources of IL-17A in both compartments, the liver and the blood. Moreover, the presence of liver Th17IL-17A+INFγ+ cells was detected in the liver. IL-17A stimulation of human liver slice culture increased the expression of profibrotic and pro-inflammatory markers. IL-17A, secreted by Th17 and MAIT cells in the liver, triggered fibrosis by inducing the expression of IL-6 and profibrotic markers and could be a target for antifibrotic treatment. Further amplitude studies are needed to confirm the current results.

de Paula Arrifano G., Crespo-Lopez M.E., Lopes-Araújo A., Santos-Sacramento L., Barthelemy J.L., de Nazaré C.G., Freitas L.G., Augusto-Oliveira M.

Environmental pollution is a global threat and represents a strong risk factor for human health. It is estimated that pollution causes about 9 million premature deaths every year. Pollutants that can cross the blood–brain barrier and reach the central nervous system are of special concern, because of their potential to cause neurological and development disorders. Arsenic, lead and mercury are usually ranked as the top three in priority lists of regulatory agencies. Against xenobiotics, astrocytes are recognised as the first line of defence in the CNS, being involved in virtually all brain functions, contributing to homeostasis maintenance. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the astroglial involvement in the neurotoxicity induced by these pollutants. Beginning by the main toxicokinetic characteristics, this review also highlights the several astrocytic mechanisms affected by these pollutants, involving redox system, neurotransmitter and glucose metabolism, and cytokine production/release, among others. Understanding how these alterations lead to neurological disturbances (including impaired memory, deficits in executive functions, and motor and visual disfunctions), by revisiting the current knowledge is essential for future research and development of therapies and prevention strategies.

Mota R., Rodrigues A.C., Silva-Carvalho R., Costa L., Martins D., Sampaio P., Dourado F., Gama M.

The potential of nanomaterials in food technology is nowadays well-established. However, their commercial use requires a careful risk assessment, in particular concerning the fate of nanomaterials in the human body. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a nanofibrillar polysaccharide, has been used as a food product for many years in Asia. However, given its nano-character, several toxicological studies must be performed, according to the European Food Safety Agency’s guidance. Those should especially answer the question of whether nanoparticulate cellulose is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. This raises the need to develop a screening technique capable of detecting isolated nanosized particles in biological tissues. Herein, the potential of a cellulose-binding module fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP–CBM) to detect single bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNC) obtained by acid hydrolysis was assessed. Adsorption studies were performed to characterize the interaction of GFP–CBM with BNC and BCNC. Correlative electron light microscopy was used to demonstrate that isolated BCNC may be detected by fluorescence microscopy. The uptake of BCNC by macrophages was also assessed. Finally, an exploratory 21-day repeated-dose study was performed, wherein Wistar rats were fed daily with BNC. The presence of BNC or BCNC throughout the GIT was observed only in the intestinal lumen, suggesting that cellulose particles were not absorbed. While a more comprehensive toxicological study is necessary, these results strengthen the idea that BNC can be considered a safe food additive.